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PSY101 > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive Representation

A

A body of knowledge that an individual has stored in memory

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2
Q

Salience

A

The ability of a cue to attract attention in its context

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3
Q

Association

A

A link between two or more cognitive representations

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4
Q

Accessibility

A

The processing principle that the information that is most readily available generally has the most impact on thoughts, feelings, and behaviour

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5
Q

Priming

A

The activation of a cognitive representation to increase its accessibility and thus the likelihood that it will be used

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6
Q

Kelley’s attribution theory

A

People decide what attributions to make after considering the consistency, distinctiveness and consensus of a person’s behaviour

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7
Q

Correspondent interference

A

The tendency to infer an actor’s personal characteristics from observed behaviours, even when the inference is unjustified because other possible causes of the behaviour exist

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8
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Bias in attributing another’s behaviour more to internal than to situational causes

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9
Q

Superficial processing

A

Relying on accessible information to make inferences or judgements, while expending little effort in processing

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10
Q

Systematic processing

A

Giving thorough, effortful consideration to a wide range or information relevant to a judgement

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11
Q

Causal attribution

A

A judgement about the cause of a behaviour or other event

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12
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

The process by which one person’s expectations about another become reality by eliciting behaviours that confirm the expectations

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13
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of the effects of social and cognitive processes on the way individuals perceive, influence, and relate to others

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14
Q

Social processes

A

The ways in which input from the people and groups around us affect our thoughts, feelings, and actions

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15
Q

Cognitive processes

A

The ways in which our memories, perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and motives influence our understanding of the world and guide our actions

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16
Q

Construction of reality

A

The axiom that each person’s view of reality is a construction, shaped both by cognitive processes (the ways our minds work) and by social processes (input from others either actually present or imagined)

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17
Q

Pervasiveness of social influence

A

The axiom that other people influence virtually all of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviour, wether those others are physically present or not

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18
Q

Seeking connectedness

A

The motivational principle that people seek support, liking, and acceptance from the people and groups they care about and value

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19
Q

Scientific theory

A

A statement that satisfies three requirements: it is about constructs; it describes causal relations; and it is general in scope, although the range of generality differs for different theories

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20
Q

Constructs

A

Abstract and general concepts that are used in theories and that are not directly observable

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21
Q

Construct validity

A

The extent to which a test measure correspond to the theoretical constructs under investigation

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22
Q

Internal validity

A

The extent to which is can be concluded that changes in the independent variable actually caused changes in the dependent variable in a research study

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23
Q

No experimental research

A

A research design in which both the independent and the dependent variables are measured

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24
Q

Experimental research

A

A research design in which researchers randomly assign participants to different groups and manipulate one or more independent variables

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25
Q

Random assignment

A

The procedure of assigning participants to different experimental groups so that every participant has exactly the same chance as every other participant of being in any given group

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26
Q

External validity

A

The extender to which research results can be generalised to other appropriate people, times, and settings

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27
Q

Self awareness

A

A state of heightened awareness of the self, internal standards and wether we measure up to them

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28
Q

Self expression

A

A motive for choosing behaviours that are intended to reflect and express the self concept

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29
Q

Self presentation

A

A motive for choosing behaviours intended to create in observers a desired impression of the self

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30
Q

Self monitoring

A

A personality characteristic defined as the degree to which people are sensitive to the demands of social situations and shape their behaviours accordingly

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31
Q

Coping strategies

A

Efforts undertaken to reduce negative consequences of self-threatening events

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32
Q

Exchange relationship

A

A relationship in which people exchange rewards in order to receive benefits in return

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33
Q

Cost-reward ration

A

Tenet of social exchange theory, according to which looking for another is determined by calculating what it will cost to be reinforced by the other individual

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34
Q

Communal relationship

A

A relationship in which people reward their partner out of direct concern and to show caring

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35
Q

Interdependence

A

A situation in which each person’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviours influence those of other people

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36
Q

Close relationship

A

A relationship involving strong and frequent interdependence in many domains of life

37
Q

Intimacy

A

A positive emotional bond that includes understanding and support

38
Q

Commitment

A

The combined forces that hold the partners together in an eduring relationship

39
Q

Attachment styles

A

People’s basic securely attached, avoidant, or anxious orientation toward others in close relationships

40
Q

Social support

A

Emotional and physical coping resources provided by other people

41
Q

Health Concordance

A

Researchers have found that couples often couples often have similar or concordant health statuses

42
Q

Health concordant behaviours

A

Couples are highly consistent in the healthy/unhealthy behaviours they perform, and a change in one partner’s health behaviour is often associated with a change in the other partner’s behaviour

43
Q

Behaviour convergence

A

Those in relationships share a lifestyle as well as common stressors, e.g., common living environment, pool resources, eat together, share social networks.

44
Q

Cortisol

A

Is a hormone that regulates a wide range of processes throughout the body

45
Q

Intimacy groups

A

groups that are clearly tied together

46
Q

Task groups

A

Groups that come together temporarily to achieve a specific goal

47
Q

Common bond groups

A

Members have close personal bonds within the group

48
Q

Common identity groups

A

members have close personal ties to the group itself

49
Q

Group socialisation

A

The dynamic nature of a group over time, coming together to meet each other’s needs and accomplish goals

50
Q

Social norms

A

The uniformities of behaviour and attitudes that determine, organise and differentiate groups from other groups

51
Q

Descriptive norms

A

Norms that most people follow, whether they are right or wrong

51
Q

Injunctive norms

A

Norms that are perceived as being approved of by other people

52
Q

Social roles

A

Shared expectations of how people in a group are supposed to behave

53
Q

Deviants

A

People who have deviated too far from the group norms

54
Q

Imposters

A

People who pose as legitimate group members but are not - posing threat to the group

55
Q

role transition

A

where your membership to a group ends due to a change, or development in which re-socialisation is not an option

56
Q

schism

A

when groups break off and smaller groups form

57
Q

compliance

A

people do as they are asked and required by formal regulations, but without changing their beliefs

58
Q

obeisance

A

people doing as they are told by an authority figure

59
Q

normative influence

A

conforming to the positive expectations of other people, to gain approval or avoid disapproval

60
Q

informational influence

A

through a desire to be correct, in times of uncertainty others are used as a source of information and can lead to acceptance/conversion

61
Q

diachronic consistency

A

each member of the minority must not waver in their opinion, in order to show stability over time

62
Q

synchronic consistency

A

all members of the minority group have the same opinion, so are displaying stability across the group and it’s members

63
Q

stereotypes

A

simplified but widely shared beliefs about the characteristics of groups and their members

64
Q

prejudice

A

any positive or negative evaluation of a social group or it’s members

65
Q

discrimination

A

unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong

66
Q

social group

A

two or more people who share some common characteristics that is socially meaningful for themselves or for others

67
Q

social categorisation

A

the process of identifying individual people as members of a social group because they share certain features that are typical of the group

68
Q

illusory correlation

A

people perceive a relationship between variables even when no such relationship exists

69
Q

social identity theory

A

theory of group membership and inter group relations based on self categorisation, social comparison, and the shared constructions of a shared self definition in terms of in group defining properties

70
Q

implicit association test

A

reaction time test to measure attitudes - particularly unpopular attitudes that people might conceal

71
Q

our group homogeneity effect

A

tendency to see people within a same group as being more ‘similar’ than they really are

72
Q

motives behind stereotyping

A

mastery, connectedness, justifying the social structure

73
Q

confirmation bias

A

search for, interpret, favour, and recall information in a way that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs

74
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

based on their stereotypes, people treat others in ways that elicit stereotypic behaviour

75
Q

just world hypothesis

A

people have a need to believe that their environment is a just and orderly place, where people usually get what they deserve

76
Q

tokenism

A

performing positive actions towards members of minority or disadvantaged groups as a reaction to the discrimination they suffer

77
Q

affirmative action

A

a collective name for policies designed to promote the employment of people from disadvantaged minority groups

78
Q

positive feedback bias

A

the process of giving more positive feedback on work believed to have been performed by a minority member rather than a majority group member

79
Q

contact hypothesis

A

the theory that certain types of direct contact between members of hostile groups will reduce stereotyping and prejudice

80
Q

extended contact effect

A

finding that people are less prejudiced if they are friends with an in group member who they know to have good friendships with out group members

81
Q

imagined contact effect

A

merely imagining positive encounters with people of minority groups will make people feel more positive towards that group

82
Q

stress

A

the physiological or psychological response to internal or external stressors

83
Q

stressor

A

an environmental stimulus or event that causes stress

84
Q

the social readjustment ratings scale

A

a measurement of stress based on life events

85
Q

social support

A

the provision of assistance or comfort to others, typically to help them cope with biological, psychological, and social stressors

86
Q

the buffering hypothesis

A

the protection against stressful experiences that is afforded by an individual’s social support

87
Q

hostile sexism

A

women pose a threat to men’s position

88
Q

benevolent sexism

A

women are wonderful and necessary for
men’s happiness

PSY101 (2 decks)

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