Key Terms

Question 1

Identity

Answer 1

The fact of being who or what a person or thing is.

Question 2

National Myths

Answer 2

A national myth is an inspiring narrative or anecdote about a nation’s past. Such myths often serve as an important national symbol and affirm a set of national values. A national myth may sometimes take the form of a national epic or be incorporated into a civil religion

Question 3

National Symbols

Answer 3

National symbols intend to unite people by creating visual, verbal, or iconic representations of the national people, values, goals, or history

Question 4

What is the Dominion Institute?

Answer 4

It is the largest independent organization dedicated to history and citizenship in Canada. Its mandate is to build active and informed citizens through a greater knowledge and appreciation of the history, heritage and stories of Canada

Question 5

The Council of Canadians

Answer 5

“We advocate for a society built on democracy, justice and care for each other. We believe we can learn from the perspectives and struggles of others as we work together for a more just world.

The Council of Canadians believes we all do better when:

We expand and improve our public services and social programs.
We ensure access to clean water is a human right and stop water privatization.
Our governments work for people and not for corporations or the wealthiest 1%.
Everyone lives with dignity and respect, and systems of oppression such as racism and colonization are dismantled.”

Question 6

Hudson’s Bay Company

Answer 6

The Hudson’s Bay Company is a historically Anglo-Canadian but now American-owned retail business group. A fur trading business for much of its existence, HBC now owns and operates retail stores in Canada and the United States. The company’s namesake business division is Hudson’s Bay, commonly referred to as “The Bay”

Question 7

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)

Answer 7

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is a Canadian public broadcaster for both radio and television. It is a federal Crown corporation funded by the government. The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada

Question 8

The National Film Board

Answer 8

The NFB is Canada’s public producer and distributor

Question 9

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)

Answer 9

Achieving the policy objectives outlined in the Broadcasting Act. We ensure that Canada’s broadcasting system provides content that meets the needs and interests of Canadians by: Engaging in public processes that generate policies

Question 10

Western Alienation

Answer 10

In Canadian politics, Western alienation is the notion that the Western provinces – British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba – have been alienated, and in some cases excluded, from mainstream Canadian political affairs in favour of Ontario and Quebec

Question 11

Equalization Payments

Answer 11

(in Canada) an unconditional transfer of funds by the federal government to a province with below-average revenue per capita, intended to ensure that all provincial governments provide comparable levels of service and taxation.

Question 12

Bi and Bi Commission

Answer 12

The Royal “Commission of Bilingualism and Biculturalism” (or “Bi and Bi Commission”) was established in 1963 in order to examine the relations between French and English Canada, and Quebec’s role in Canada

Question 13

Multiculturalism

Answer 13

The presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society

Question 14

Residential Schools

Answer 14

An effort to assimilate the Aboriginal people to be like the white Europeans
They opened in the 1840s and the last one closed in 1996
All schools aimed to wipe out First Nations culture and replace it with “white” culture
First Nations children were separated from their families (their parens would be arrested or died if they didn’t send them)
Their hair was cut and they had to wear clothes like white people
They weren’t allowed to speak their language or practice their culture at all
Most schools were abusive, and many children died or grew to despise their culture because of them

Question 15

Assimilation

Answer 15

One goal of the federal government was to assimilate First Nations people, meaning make them like white people and destroy First Nations culture

Question 16

White Paper/Red Paper

Answer 16

In 1969 the PM of Canada (Pierre Trudeau) proposed a “White Paper” which would eliminate Indian status, reject land claims, and assimilate First Nations into Canada without considering them a distinct group
First Nations objected strongly
National Indian Brotherhood presented the “Red Paper” which argued against the White Paper
The White Paper was dropped

Question 17

The Meech Lake Accord

Answer 17

An effort to complete the constitutional process and meet some of Quebec’s demands. It included
The confirmation of “distinct society” status for Quebec in order to bring the
province into the constitution
The right to allow provinces to nominate Supreme Court judges
The accord was not ratified by all ten provinces and failed

Question 18

Oka Crisis

Answer 18

In Montreal, a golf course wanted to expand over land that was traditional burial grounds for Mohawk people
First Nations set up a blockade to stop the golf course from using this land
Canada sent in police and army
There was a standoff for over two months
After it ended, the golf course’s extension was cancelled
It drew a lot of media attention to Aboriginal rights

Question 19

Nisga’a Agreement

Answer 19

Nisga’a people in Northern BC had been fighting for rights to negotiate treaties for over 100 years
Finally in 1990, the BC government agreed to negotiate treaties Nisga’a nation self-governing powers
Many other First Nations have been working towards treaties, and a few more have been signed
It takes a long time and costs a lot of money

Question 20

Nunavut

Answer 20

On April 1, 1999, the map of Canada was redrawn: the Northwest Territories divides into two territories to allow for the creation of Nunavut, a homeland for Canada’s Inuit

Question 21

Quebecois Nationalism

Answer 21

Quebec nationalism or Québécois nationalism is a feeling and a political doctrine that prioritizes cultural belonging to, the defence of the interests of, and the recognition of the political legitimacy of the Québécois nation

Question 22

Expulsion of the Acadians

Answer 22

The term “Acadians” refers to immigrants from France in the early 1600s who settled in the colony of Acadia, in what are now the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island

The Expulsion (1755–1764) occurred during the French and Indian Wars (the North American theatre of the Seven Years’ War) and was part of the British military campaign against New France. The British first deported Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies, and after 1758, transported additional Acadians to Britain and France

Question 23

1837 Rebellions

Answer 23

Rebellions of 1837, also known as Rebellions of 1837–38, rebellions mounted in 1837–38 in each colony of Upper and Lower Canada against the British Crown and the political status quo. The revolt in Lower Canada was the more serious and violent of the two. They occurred due to political unrest after the war of 1812

Question 24

Confederation

Answer 24

Confederation refers to the process of federal union in which the British North American colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Province of Canada joined together to form the Dominion of Canada

Question 25

Cultural Protectionism

Answer 25

Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid-20th century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various governments of Canada to promote Canadian cultural production and limit the effect of foreign culture on the domestic audience

Question 26

Quiet Revolution

Answer 26

The Quiet Revolution (Révolution tranquille) was a time of rapid change experienced in Québec during the 1960s

Question 27

Maîtres chez nous

Answer 27

Translates to: “masters in our own house”
Duplessis’ approach to politics in Quebec was conservative and paternalistic
People were discouraged from questioning traditional authority
He was, however, a Quebec nationalist and stressed to Ottawa that Quebecers must be “masters in out own house”

Question 28

Separatism

Answer 28

A disposition toward schism and secession from a larger group; the principles and practices of separatists

Schism: Division of a group into opposing factions

Question 29

Parti Quebecois

Answer 29

PThe Parti Québécois is a sovereignist and social democratic provincial political party in Quebec, Canada. The PQ advocates national sovereignty for Quebec involving independence of the province of Quebec from Canada and establishing a sovereign state

Question 30

Referendum

Answer 30

The Parti Quebecois organized a referendum on sovereignty association for May 20th 1980
This meant independence from Canada but the retention of close economic ties
Claude Ryan the Liberal leader in Quebec urged Quebeckers to vote “non”
The campaign was very passionate and divisive

Question 31

Bill 101

Answer 31

All business in the Quebec government and courts will be carried out in French
French us to be the only official language in Quebec
The people of Quebec have the right to:
Speak French at work
Be served in French is stores
Be taught in French

With few exceptions, the use of English was banned

Question 32

Bill 86

Answer 32

This law would allowed English on outdoor commercial signs only if the French lettering was at least twice as large as the English.

Question 33

Reasonable Accommodation

Answer 33

A reasonable accommodation is an adjustment made in a system to accommodate or make fair the same system for an individual based on a proven need

Question 34

Asymmetrical Federalism

Answer 34

Asymmetrical is an imbalance of the different government powers

Question 35

Hérouxville Code

Answer 35

Hérouxville has a population of about 1,300 residents who are entirely White, francophone, and nominally Catholic. The mayor and the municipal council approved a code of behavior for immigrants, which occurred in the context of a debate on “reasonable accommodation” for other cultures in Quebec

Question 36

Symmetrical Federalism

Answer 36

The belief in having a strong national govt and an equally powerful provincial govts
A federalist supports a United Canada
They do not favour Quebec’s separation