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English Lit & Lang A level > Key Terms: > Flashcards

Key Terms: Flashcards

1
Q

Back Channelling

A

A way of showing a speaker that you are following what they are saying and understand, often through interjections like I see, yes, OK and uhu.

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2
Q

Tag Questions

A

Changing a declarative or imperative sentence mood into an interrogative.

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3
Q

Comment Clause

A

A short word group (such as “you see” and “I think”) that adds a parenthetical remark to another word group.

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4
Q

Hyperbole

A

An extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken literally, as “to wait an eternity.”

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5
Q

Stative Verbs

A

Verbs that express a state rather than an action. They usually relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being and measurements.

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6
Q

Fillers

A

A sound produced by speakers to keep a conversation going and avoid silence.
Word of utterance, “uh” “em”

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7
Q

Abstract Nouns

A

A noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object.

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8
Q

Asyndetic Listing

A

A list of items with the omission of the conjunction “and”.

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9
Q

Syndetic Listing

A

A listing of items with the use of the conjunction “and”.

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10
Q

Collective Nouns

A

A count noun that denotes a group of individuals.

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11
Q

Concrete Noun

A

You experience them through your five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. If you cannot see, hear, taste, touch, or smell something, it is not this.

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12
Q

Assonance

A

Repetition of the same vowel sound.

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13
Q

Cataphoric Reference

A

Referencing forwards to an as yet undisclosed lexical item.

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14
Q

Dynamic Verb

A

Verbs where the situation described by the verb process changes over time and it involves a dynamic process.

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15
Q

Idiolect

A

The speech habits peculiar to a particular person.

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16
Q

Non Fluency Features

A

Features that interrupt that flow of speech.

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17
Q

Personification

A

The attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something non-human, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

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18
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

The use of words which sound echoes their meaning.

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19
Q

Pathetic Fallacy

A

The attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals, especially in art and literature.

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20
Q

Pre-modifier

A

: A word, especially an adjective or a noun, that is placed before a noun and describes it or restricts its meaning in some way In ‘a loud noise’, the adjective ‘loud’ is a pre-modifier.

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21
Q

Preposition

A

A word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in ‘the man on the platform’, ‘she arrived after dinner’, ‘what did you do it for ?’

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22
Q

Proper Nouns

A

A word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things common noun, or to name a particular one of these proper noun.

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23
Q

Determiner

A

A modifying word that determines the kind of reference a noun or noun group has, for example a, the, every.

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24
Q

Active Voice

A

When the verb of a sentence is in this voice, the subject is doing the acting, as in the sentence “Kevin hit the ball.” Kevin (the subject of the sentence) acts in relation to the ball.

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25
Q

Dialect

A

The language variety of a geographical region or social background, revealed by a variation in lexical and grammatical terms.

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26
Q

Graphology

A

The study of written and printed symbols and of writing systems.

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27
Q

Jargon

A

Language that may only be understood by those who are part of that particular lexis.

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28
Q

Paralinguistic

A

Non verbal communication.

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29
Q

Phonology

A

The system of contrastive relationships among the speech sounds that constitute the fundamental components of a language.

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30
Q

Noun Phrase

A

A word or group of words containing a noun and functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object.

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31
Q

Superlative

A

Expressing the highest or a very high degree of a quality.

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32
Q

Phonetics

A

The science and study of speech sounds and their production, transmission and reception.

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33
Q

Lexical Field

A

A group of words with associated meanings and uses.

34
Q

Syntax

A

The rules for the formation of grammatical sentences in language. The study of the patterns of formation of sentences and phrases from words.

35
Q

Vernacular

A

The natural informal speech patterns used by persons indigenous to a certain area.

36
Q

Transitive Verb

A

It directs action toward someone or something named in the same sentence.

37
Q

Intransitive Verb

A

It does not direct action toward someone or something.

38
Q

Interrogative

A

The sentence mood which is in the form of a question.

39
Q

Exclamatory

A

The sentence mood that is expressing surprise, strong emotion, or pain.

40
Q

Declarative

A

The sentence mood that takes the form of a simple statement.

41
Q

Imperative

A

The sentence mood that denotes the mood of a verb that expresses a command or exhortation.

42
Q

Cloaked Imperative

A

An imperative that is disguised in the form of a different sentence mood.

43
Q

Sibilance

A

A manner of articulation of fricative and affricate consonants, made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the sharp edge of the teeth, which are held close together; a consonant that uses this may be called a sibilant, or a strident.

44
Q

Anaphoric Reference

A

Referencing back to an already stated lexical item.

45
Q

Archaic

A

Language features no longer in use.

46
Q

Auxillary Verb

A

A verb placed in front of the main verb.

47
Q

Anthropromorphism

A

The attribution of human characteristics to the non-human world, often to animals and other creatures.

48
Q

Complex Sentence

A

A sentence containing a main clause with one or more subordinate or dependent clauses, often connected with a subordinating conjunction.

49
Q

Compound Sentence

A

A sentence containing two or more main clauses, connected by coordinating conjunctions, or sometimes just separated by punctuation (semi-colon).

50
Q

Euphemism

A

A socially acceptable work or phrase used to avoid talking about something potentially distasteful.

51
Q

Discourse

A

Reference to the language in which a specific area of knowledge is discussed. It is a key framework.

52
Q

Irony

A

A very general term descriptive of any piece of writing in which we assume a difference between what is said and what is meant.

53
Q

Imagery

A

The use of figurative language for imaginative and emotional reasons.

54
Q

Intertextuality

A

When one text echoes another.

55
Q

Metaphor

A

A comparison where the similarity is assumed.

56
Q

Rhetoric

A

Originally the art of persuading an audience, the term is now often used to cover the whole range of literary and linguistic devices.

57
Q

Synchronous

A

Language change during one period of time.

58
Q

Colloquialism

A

informal language usage, e.g., bloke, fella, lass, bog

59
Q

Triple

A

grouping in threes, either through repetition or through structures (either within a sentence or paragraph). This can be for emphasis or to add a sense of gathering momentum to a point being made

60
Q

Extended metaphor

A

when a metaphor continues throughout a text with recurring reference to the compared item

61
Q

Symbolism

A

using figurative and metaphoric language, items or incident in a way that means certain things represent other things, e.g. a colour could represent the sadness of a character

62
Q

Field specific lexis

A

the language of a certain area (be in vocation, activity or subject)

63
Q

Semantics

A

the meaning of words

64
Q

Oxymoron

A

The use of apparently contradictory words in a phrase

65
Q

Alliteration (guttural, lateral, sibilant, bilabial/plosive, dental, aspirant, fricative)

A

the repetition of consonant sounds in a text, often at the beginning of words.

66
Q

Taboo language, expletives

A

words that are considered socially unacceptable to say to in polite civilised society e.g, swear words

67
Q

Denotation

A

the literal meaning of words

68
Q

Euphemism

A

the polite way to say something that is not normally considered socially appropriate

69
Q

Pre-modification and Post modification

A

Means by which we add details to the head noun inside noun phrase. e.g. “the brown shouting monkeys by the fence” Brown shouting= pre, Fence= post

70
Q

Taboo lexis

A

vocabulary usually considered vulgar and shocking; swear words and curses

71
Q

hedge

A

Vague statement used to soften sentences “I wondered” “basically”

72
Q

Active/Passive Voice

A

Active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb. In passive voice sentences, the subject is acted upon by the verb.

73
Q

Anaphoric

A

A reference which depends on, or connects back to, a previous, related word or phrase. Making something much easier to read and understand.

74
Q

Cataphoric

A

Referring to words that will happen next in the text. (Harder to understand as you mention something which isn’t explained until later in the text)

75
Q

Exophoric

A

Referring to something outside the text which won’t be explained. (even harder to understand as the author assumes you have prior knowledge showing a well educated reader)

76
Q

Homophones

A

These are words that are pronounced the same, but have different meanings.

77
Q

Overlapping

A

Often interruptions or two people speaking simultaneously.

78
Q

Idiomatic Language

A

Idioms are defined as groups of words that have multiple meanings e.g. “over the moon”

79
Q

Consonance

A

Repetition of consonant sounds

80
Q

Verbs

A

Primary Auxiliaries- Express something about the tense “have” “be” “do”
Modal Auxiliaries- Express degrees of possibility or permission
Possibility= Epistemic Modal
Permission=Benotic Modal

81
Q

Five Types of Pronouns:

A 
Person e.g. I You She
Possessive e.g. My His Our 
Reflexive e.g. Myself Himself 
Demonstrative e.g. This These Those
Relative Who Which
82
Q

Six types of sentence structures

A

Simple- One Clause short and simple
Compound- Two main clauses joined by co-ordinating conjunctions
Minor- sentence with no verb
Complex- A main Clause plus one or more subordinate clauses
Left branch sentences- subordinate clause comes on the left
Right branch sentence= Subordinate Clause come on the right.

English Lit & Lang A level (1 decks)

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