Key Terms:

Question 1

Back Channelling

Answer 1

A way of showing a speaker that you are following what they are saying and understand, often through interjections like I see, yes, OK and uhu.

Question 2

Tag Questions

Answer 2

Changing a declarative or imperative sentence mood into an interrogative.

Question 3

Comment Clause

Answer 3

A short word group (such as “you see” and “I think”) that adds a parenthetical remark to another word group.

Question 4

Hyperbole

Answer 4

An extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken literally, as “to wait an eternity.”

Question 5

Stative Verbs

Answer 5

Verbs that express a state rather than an action. They usually relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being and measurements.

Question 6

Fillers

Answer 6

A sound produced by speakers to keep a conversation going and avoid silence.
Word of utterance, “uh” “em”

Question 7

Abstract Nouns

Answer 7

A noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object.

Question 8

Asyndetic Listing

Answer 8

A list of items with the omission of the conjunction “and”.

Question 9

Syndetic Listing

Answer 9

A listing of items with the use of the conjunction “and”.

Question 10

Collective Nouns

Answer 10

A count noun that denotes a group of individuals.

Question 11

Concrete Noun

Answer 11

You experience them through your five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. If you cannot see, hear, taste, touch, or smell something, it is not this.

Question 12

Assonance

Answer 12

Repetition of the same vowel sound.

Question 13

Cataphoric Reference

Answer 13

Referencing forwards to an as yet undisclosed lexical item.

Question 14

Dynamic Verb

Answer 14

Verbs where the situation described by the verb process changes over time and it involves a dynamic process.

Question 15

Idiolect

Answer 15

The speech habits peculiar to a particular person.

Question 16

Non Fluency Features

Answer 16

Features that interrupt that flow of speech.

Question 17

Personification

Answer 17

The attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something non-human, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

Question 18

Onomatopoeia

Answer 18

The use of words which sound echoes their meaning.

Question 19

Pathetic Fallacy

Answer 19

The attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals, especially in art and literature.

Question 20

Pre-modifier

Answer 20

: A word, especially an adjective or a noun, that is placed before a noun and describes it or restricts its meaning in some way In ‘a loud noise’, the adjective ‘loud’ is a pre-modifier.

Question 21

Preposition

Answer 21

A word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in ‘the man on the platform’, ‘she arrived after dinner’, ‘what did you do it for ?’

Question 22

Proper Nouns

Answer 22

A word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things common noun, or to name a particular one of these proper noun.

Question 23

Determiner

Answer 23

A modifying word that determines the kind of reference a noun or noun group has, for example a, the, every.

Question 24

Active Voice

Answer 24

When the verb of a sentence is in this voice, the subject is doing the acting, as in the sentence “Kevin hit the ball.” Kevin (the subject of the sentence) acts in relation to the ball.

Question 25

Dialect

Answer 25

The language variety of a geographical region or social background, revealed by a variation in lexical and grammatical terms.

Question 26

Graphology

Answer 26

The study of written and printed symbols and of writing systems.

Question 27

Jargon

Answer 27

Language that may only be understood by those who are part of that particular lexis.

Question 28

Paralinguistic

Answer 28

Non verbal communication.

Question 29

Phonology

Answer 29

The system of contrastive relationships among the speech sounds that constitute the fundamental components of a language.

Question 30

Noun Phrase

Answer 30

A word or group of words containing a noun and functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object.

Question 31

Superlative

Answer 31

Expressing the highest or a very high degree of a quality.

Question 32

Phonetics

Answer 32

The science and study of speech sounds and their production, transmission and reception.

Question 33

Lexical Field

Answer 33

A group of words with associated meanings and uses.

Question 34

Syntax

Answer 34

The rules for the formation of grammatical sentences in language. The study of the patterns of formation of sentences and phrases from words.

Question 35

Vernacular

Answer 35

The natural informal speech patterns used by persons indigenous to a certain area.

Question 36

Transitive Verb

Answer 36

It directs action toward someone or something named in the same sentence.

Question 37

Intransitive Verb

Answer 37

It does not direct action toward someone or something.

Question 38

Interrogative

Answer 38

The sentence mood which is in the form of a question.

Question 39

Exclamatory

Answer 39

The sentence mood that is expressing surprise, strong emotion, or pain.

Question 40

Declarative

Answer 40

The sentence mood that takes the form of a simple statement.

Question 41

Imperative

Answer 41

The sentence mood that denotes the mood of a verb that expresses a command or exhortation.

Question 42

Cloaked Imperative

Answer 42

An imperative that is disguised in the form of a different sentence mood.

Question 43

Sibilance

Answer 43

A manner of articulation of fricative and affricate consonants, made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the sharp edge of the teeth, which are held close together; a consonant that uses this may be called a sibilant, or a strident.

Question 44

Anaphoric Reference

Answer 44

Referencing back to an already stated lexical item.

Question 45

Archaic

Answer 45

Language features no longer in use.

Question 46

Auxillary Verb

Answer 46

A verb placed in front of the main verb.

Question 47

Anthropromorphism

Answer 47

The attribution of human characteristics to the non-human world, often to animals and other creatures.

Question 48

Complex Sentence

Answer 48

A sentence containing a main clause with one or more subordinate or dependent clauses, often connected with a subordinating conjunction.

Question 49

Compound Sentence

Answer 49

A sentence containing two or more main clauses, connected by coordinating conjunctions, or sometimes just separated by punctuation (semi-colon).

Question 50

Euphemism

Answer 50

A socially acceptable work or phrase used to avoid talking about something potentially distasteful.

Question 51

Discourse

Answer 51

Reference to the language in which a specific area of knowledge is discussed. It is a key framework.

Question 52

Irony

Answer 52

A very general term descriptive of any piece of writing in which we assume a difference between what is said and what is meant.

Question 53

Imagery

Answer 53

The use of figurative language for imaginative and emotional reasons.

Question 54

Intertextuality

Answer 54

When one text echoes another.

Question 55

Metaphor

Answer 55

A comparison where the similarity is assumed.

Question 56

Rhetoric

Answer 56

Originally the art of persuading an audience, the term is now often used to cover the whole range of literary and linguistic devices.

Question 57

Synchronous

Answer 57

Language change during one period of time.

Question 58

Colloquialism

Answer 58

informal language usage, e.g., bloke, fella, lass, bog

Question 59

Triple

Answer 59

grouping in threes, either through repetition or through structures (either within a sentence or paragraph). This can be for emphasis or to add a sense of gathering momentum to a point being made

Question 60

Extended metaphor

Answer 60

when a metaphor continues throughout a text with recurring reference to the compared item

Question 61

Symbolism

Answer 61

using figurative and metaphoric language, items or incident in a way that means certain things represent other things, e.g. a colour could represent the sadness of a character

Question 62

Field specific lexis

Answer 62

the language of a certain area (be in vocation, activity or subject)

Question 63

Semantics

Answer 63

the meaning of words

Question 64

Oxymoron

Answer 64

The use of apparently contradictory words in a phrase

Question 65

Alliteration (guttural, lateral, sibilant, bilabial/plosive, dental, aspirant, fricative)

Answer 65

the repetition of consonant sounds in a text, often at the beginning of words.

Question 66

Taboo language, expletives

Answer 66

words that are considered socially unacceptable to say to in polite civilised society e.g, swear words

Question 67

Denotation

Answer 67

the literal meaning of words

Question 68

Euphemism

Answer 68

the polite way to say something that is not normally considered socially appropriate

Question 69

Pre-modification and Post modification

Answer 69

Means by which we add details to the head noun inside noun phrase. e.g. "the brown shouting monkeys by the fence" Brown shouting= pre, Fence= post

Question 70

Taboo lexis

Answer 70

vocabulary usually considered vulgar and shocking; swear words and curses

Question 71

hedge

Answer 71

Vague statement used to soften sentences "I wondered" "basically"

Question 72

Active/Passive Voice

Answer 72

Active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb. In passive voice sentences, the subject is acted upon by the verb.

Question 73

Anaphoric

Answer 73

A reference which depends on, or connects back to, a previous, related word or phrase. Making something much easier to read and understand.

Question 74

Cataphoric

Answer 74

Referring to words that will happen next in the text. (Harder to understand as you mention something which isn't explained until later in the text)

Question 75

Exophoric

Answer 75

Referring to something outside the text which won't be explained. (even harder to understand as the author assumes you have prior knowledge showing a well educated reader)

Question 76

Homophones

Answer 76

These are words that are pronounced the same, but have different meanings.

Question 77

Overlapping

Answer 77

Often interruptions or two people speaking simultaneously.

Question 78

Idiomatic Language

Answer 78

Idioms are defined as groups of words that have multiple meanings e.g. "over the moon"

Question 79

Consonance

Answer 79

Repetition of consonant sounds

Question 80

Verbs

Answer 80

Primary Auxiliaries- Express something about the tense "have" "be" "do" Modal Auxiliaries- Express degrees of possibility or permission Possibility= Epistemic Modal Permission=Benotic Modal

Question 81

Five Types of Pronouns:

Answer 81

``` Person e.g. I You She Possessive e.g. My His Our Reflexive e.g. Myself Himself Demonstrative e.g. This These Those Relative Who Which ```

Question 82

Six types of sentence structures

Answer 82

Simple- One Clause short and simple Compound- Two main clauses joined by co-ordinating conjunctions Minor- sentence with no verb Complex- A main Clause plus one or more subordinate clauses Left branch sentences- subordinate clause comes on the left Right branch sentence= Subordinate Clause come on the right.