key terminology

Question 1

claim

Answer 1

a sentence that asserts that a proposition is true
-can be true or false, bivalent.

Question 2

proposition

Answer 2

what is asserted within a claim
-can be true or false, bivalent.

Question 3

assertion

Answer 3

a statement that is asserted as true without further support

Question 4

true

Answer 4

a proposition is true if what it asserts is the case

Question 5

false

Answer 5

a proposition is false if what it asserts is not the case

Question 6

bivalent

Answer 6

two possible values, true or false

Question 7

subject

Answer 7

the thing referred to in a proposition or claim

Question 8

predicate

Answer 8

what is attributed to the subject within a proposition or claim

Question 9

analytic proposition

Answer 9

a proposition where the predicate is entailed within the subject
-true by definition

Question 10

synthetic proposition

Answer 10

a proposition where the predicate is not entailed within the subject
-can be true or false but not by definition

Question 11

argument

Answer 11

an inference to a claim from another claim or claims

Question 12

reason

Answer 12

a claim that supports a conclusion directly within an argument

Question 13

premise

Answer 13

a claim that supports a conclusion when combined with other claims

Question 14

conclusion

Answer 14

the claim that is inferred from premises or supported by reasons

Question 15

inference

Answer 15

a conclusion based upon reasoning and evidence

Question 16

deductive

Answer 16

an argument where if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true

Question 17

inductive

Answer 17

an argument where if the premises are true the conclusion may be false

Question 18

valid

Answer 18

a deductive argument is valid if when the premises are true then the conclusion must be true, an argument is invalid if when the premises are true the conclusion could be false.

Question 19

sound

Answer 19

a deductive argument is sound if it is valid and the premises are actually true

Question 20

strong

Answer 20

an inductive argument is strong if it is compelling, weak if it isnt compelling

Question 21

cogent

Answer 21

an inductive is cogent if it is strong and the premises are true

Question 22

abductive

Answer 22

an argument that uses reasoning and evidence to support a best hypothesis or explanation

Question 23

a priori

Answer 23

knowledge of propositions that does not require experience to show that is is true or false

Question 24

a posteriori

Answer 24

knowledge that requires experience to be true

Question 25

normative claim

Answer 25

a claim that asserts that something ought to be the case, e.g you ought to give to charity