Key Terminology Flashcards
What is deletion?
Missing out a phoneme (usually the final consonant in a word)
Examples of deletion
Da (dad), Do (dog)
What is substitution?
Replacing one phoneme with another (tends to be harder sounds swapped with ‘easier’ ones)
Example of substitution
Beep (sheep)
What is addition?
Adding an extra vowel sound to the end of a word- creates consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel pattern (cvcv)
Example of addition
Kitty, doggy, horsey
What is assimilation?
Replacing a sound with another sound that appears nearby
Example of assimilation
Peep (sheep), lellow (yellow), ba ba black beep
What is reduplication?
Repeating a whole syllable of a word
Example of reduplication
Dada, mama
What is consonant cluster reduction?
Groups of consonant sounds are reduced to a single consonant sound
Example of consonant cluster reduction
Spider> sider/pider Truck> tuck/ruck
What is deletion of an unstressed syllable?
The opening syllable of a word is missed out
Example of deletion of an unstressed syllable
Nana (banana)
Example of a consonant cluster
The gr in graph
What is a holophrase?
A one-word utterance which communicates a complete thought/meaning.
What is a proto-word?
A ‘prototype’ word which is consistently used in place of the correct word.
An example of a proto-word=
Mama used in place for mother
What characterises the telegraphic stage?
Characterised by a lack of grammatical function words and other grammatical mistakes.
What is a phoneme?
The smallest unit of sound in a language.
What is overextension?
Extending the meaning of a word too far- ie- to include objects to which it doesn’t refer.
What are the three categories for overextension and who identified these?
Categorical, analogically and mismatch and Rescorla.
What is categorical overextension?
The name for one member of a category is extended to all members of the category e.g apple used for all round fruits.
What is analogically overextension?
A word for one object is extended to one in a different category; usually on the basis that it has some physical or functional extension e.g. ball used for all round fruits
What is mismatch overextension?
When a child makes a statement about one object in relation to another e.g saying duck when looking at an empty pond.
What is under extension?
Not extending the meaning of a word far enough.
What is hyponymy?
The relationship between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym).
What is overgeneralisation?
Using a grammatical rule in an instance where it doesn’t apply.
What is a virtuous error?
A type of overgeneralisation which, although a mistake, reveals something positive about the child’s understanding of grammar.
What is a bound morpheme?
A unit of meaning within a word which depends on other morphemes to make sense - e.g. …est, un…
What is a free morpheme?
A unit of meaning within a word which doesn’t depend on other morphemes to make sense - e.g. strong, happy
What is CDS (child directed speech)?
The general term for all the ways in which adults adapt their language when talking to children.
What is a recast?
Repeating a grammatically incorrect utterance with corrections.
What is expansion?
Developing a child’s utterance to make it grammatically complete.
What did Ervin Tripp emphsise?
He emphasised how children have to work collaboratively to create role plays, and also that it helps them use language in new and unfamiliar contexts, which strengthens their knowledge.
What did Jean Aitchison study?
She looked at how children develop an understanding of meaning. She found that they went through 3 stages.
What is the first stage?
Labelling- linking words to objects e.g. cat
What is the second stage?
Packaging- exploring words and working out what they can apply to (making sure your words go in the right ‘boxes’) - over and underextension help children to work out the limits of a word - e.g. ‘cat’ no longer refers to rabbits, dogs, capybaras
What is the third stage?
Network building- making connections between words such as oppposites (antonyms), similarities (synonyms), hypernyms or categories
