Key Signaling and Transcription Factor Pathways

Question 1

_______ drive the expression of many different genes required to express a particular cell fate

Answer 1

master regulators

Question 2

Some steroid signals are small and _________ enough to pass through the membrane directly

Answer 2

hydrophobic

Question 3

the receptor for some steroids is itself a _________ whose activity is modulated by steroid binding

Answer 3

transcription factor

Question 4

The _______ family was named for a substance in bone extracts that induce new cartilage and bone formation when implanted in ectopic sites

Answer 4

bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)

Question 5

About how many BMP members are currently known in humans?

Answer 5

30

Question 6

Binding of BMP signal stimulates a ___________ to transfer a ________ residue to a _______ residue of intracellular Smad proteins

Answer 6

transmembrane receptor kinase; phosphate; Ser/Thr

Question 7

The __________ Smad protein travels to the nucleus and associates with ________ to induce changes in gene expression

Answer 7

phosphorylated; transcription factor

Question 8

The ________ family is named after a substance that stimulates proliferation of connective tissue cells.

Answer 8

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

Question 9

About how many FGF members are currently known in humans?

Answer 9

22

Question 10

Binding of FGF signal stimulates a ________ to transfer a _______ residue to _______ residues of target proteins

Answer 10

transmembrane receptor kinase; phosphate; Tyr