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Psychology > Key Science Skills-PSYCH > Flashcards

Key Science Skills-PSYCH Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary Data

A

data collected first-hand by a researcher (experimentation, observation, survey)

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2
Q

Secondary Data

A

data sourced from others prior research, not collected directly by the current researcher (accessing publicly available data)

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3
Q

Subjective Data

A

data that is informed by personal opinion, perception/interpretation.

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4
Q

Objective Data

A

factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion.

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5
Q

Qualitative Data

A

data that is expressed non-numerically (verbal description, open-ended questionnaires/interviews)

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6
Q

Quantitative Data

A

data that is expressed numerically such as test scores/measurements of weight (rating scales/multiple choice questions)

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7
Q

y-axis

A

DV

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8
Q

x-axis

A

IV

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9
Q

Percentage

A

standardising numerical data in terms of the number 100

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10
Q

Mean (single value)

A

a measure of central tendency that describes the numerical average of a data set

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11
Q

Median

A

a measure of central tendency that is the middle value in a data set ordered from lowest to highest

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12
Q

Mode

A

a measure of central tendency that is the most frequently occurring value in a data set

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13
Q

standard deviation

A

a measure of variability (describes the spread of data around the mean)

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14
Q

Range

A

the difference between your highest and lowest value

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15
Q

Accuracy

A

how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity

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16
Q

Precision

A

how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other

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17
Q

Repeatability

A

when studies produce the same results when carried out under identical conditions within a short period of time

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18
Q

Reproducibility

A

when studies produce the same results when repeated under different conditions

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19
Q

Generalisation

A

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

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20
Q

Conclusion

A

Is a statement that summarises the findings of a study (inc whether or not the hypothesis was supported)

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21
Q

External Validity

A

when the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings (different time/environment)

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22
Q

Internal Validity

A

when the investigation truly measures/investigates what it claims to

23
Q

Random Errors

A

unsystematic and occur due to chance

24
Q

Systematic Errors

A

differ from the true value by a consistent amount

25
Q

Personal Errors

A

mistakes, miscalculations and observer error

26
Q

Uncertainty

A

lack of exact knowledge relating to something being measured due to potential sources of variation in knowledge

27
Q

Outliers

A

a score that significantly differs from all others obtained

28
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A

Debriefing, Voluntary Participation, Use of Deception, Informed Consent Procedures, Withdrawal Rights

29
Q

Ethical Concepts

A

Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Justice, Integrity, Respect

30
Q

Aim

A

statement outlining the purpose of the investigation

31
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction about the outcome of an investigation

32
Q

sample

A

the subset of the research population who participate in a study

32
Q

What should a Hypothesis include?

A

state variables, population, and prediction

32
Q

Population

A

the group of people who are the focus of the research and from which the sample is drawn

33
Q

random sampling

A

any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected.

34
Q

stratified sampling

A

any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population in a way that ensures that its strata (subgroups) are proportionally represented in the sample.

35
Q

IV (cause/manipulated)

A

variable that is assumed to have a direct effect on the DV

36
Q

DV (effect/measured)

A

referred to as the effect or outcome

37
Q

Confounding Variable

A

variables other than the IV that a researcher holds a constant (controls) in an investigation, to ensure that changes in the DV are solely due to changes in the IV

38
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable

39
Q

controlled experiments

A

the casual relationship between two variables is tested in a controlled environment.

40
Q

Pro of controlled experiments

A

allows us to determine cause and effect between variables)

41
Q

Con of controlled experiments

A

lack external validity

42
Q

case studies

A

Is an in-depth investigation of an individual, or group that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world.

43
Q

pros of case studies

A

Ability to see a relationship between phenomena, context, and people.

44
Q

cons of case studies

A

Difficulty generalizing findings from one case study to other settings.

45
Q

theory

A

is a proposition/set of principles that is used to explain something/make predictions about relationships between concepts.

46
Q

What are the Experimental Designs?

A

Within Groups, Between Subjects, Mixed Design

47
Q

Within Groups

A

involves all participants in the sample completing both the experimental and control conditions

48
Q

Between Subjects

A

is when participants are randomly allocated to either the control/the experimental condition

49
Q

Mixed Design

A

involves a combination of a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design

50
Q

Correlation Studies

A

Is a type of non-experimental study in which researchers observe and measure the relationship between two or more variables without any active control or manipulation of them

51
Q

Other Techniques:

A

classification, identification, fieldwork, literature review, modeling and simulation, product process, and system development.

Psychology (1 decks)

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