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psychology 3/4 > key science skills > Flashcards

key science skills Flashcards

1
Q

the scientific method

A

is centred around generating an informed hypothesis and then testing it to generate evidence that either supports or refutes it.

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2
Q

model

A

a representation of a concept, process, or behaviour, often made to simplify or make something easier to understand

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3
Q

theory

A

a proposition or set of principles that is used to explain something or make predictions about cause and effect.

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4
Q

empirical evidence

A

information obtained through direct and systematic observation or experimentation

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5
Q

aim

A

a statement outlining the purpose of the investigation

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6
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction about the outcome of the experiment.

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7
Q

independent variable

A

the variable for which quantities are manipulated by the experimenter

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8
Q

dependent variable

A

is what the researcher measures in an experiment for changes due to the effect of the IV

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9
Q

controlled variables

A

Controlled variables are variables other than the IV that a researcher holds constant (controls) in an investigation, to ensure that changes in the DV are solely due to changes in the IV.

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10
Q

controlled experiments

A

Often used because they allow a researcher to strictly manipulate variables of interest (independent variables) in a controlled environment and measure their effect on another variable (the dependent variable).

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11
Q

3 types of controlled experimental designs

A

within subjects, between and mixed

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12
Q

within subjects design

A

experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition.

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13
Q

2 advantages of a within subjects design

A

ensures that the results of the experiment are due to the manipulation of the IV rather than participant differences, less people are needed

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14
Q

2 disadvantages of a within subjects design

A

order effects, a participant withdrawing from this experiment has a greater impact on the study as the experimenter may lose 3 data points instead of one

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15
Q

between subjects design

A

individuals are divided intodifferent groups and complete only one experimental condition.

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16
Q

2 advantages of between subjects design

A

less time consuming, does not create order effects

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17
Q

2 disadvantages of a between subjects design

A

more participants are required, participant differences across groups can affect results

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18
Q

mixed design

A

Combines elements of within-subjectsand between-subjects designs.

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19
Q

2 advantages of a mixed design

A

allows experimenters to compare results across both experimental conditions, allows multiple experimental conditions to be compared to a control

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20
Q

2 disadvantages of a mixed design

A

can be more costly and time consuming, demanding for researchers

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21
Q

case study

A

A case study is an in-depth investigation of an individual, group, or particular phenomenon that contains a real or hypothetical situation

22
Q

correlational studies

A

A type of non-experimental study in which researchers observe and measure the relationship between two or more variables without any manipulation of them.

23
Q

identification

A

is a process of recognition of phenomena as belonging to particular setsor possibly being part of a new or unique set. used by psychologists to then ascribe phenomena to a particular classification

24
Q

classification

A

the arrangement of phenomena, objects, or events into manageable sets

25
Q

fieldwork

A

refers to any research involving observation and interaction with people and environments in real-world settings, conducted beyond the laboratory.

26
Q

5 types of fieldwork

A

direct observation, qualitative interview, questionaires, focus groups and yarning circles

27
Q

direct observation

A

A researcher watches and listens to the participants of a study, with no direct intervention and involvement,or manipulation of variables.

28
Q

qualitative interview

A

Involve a researcher asking questions to gather in-depth information about a particular topic, theme, or idea. The interview may be structured, but the questions are generally open ended so that participants can provide lengthier, more detailed answers.

29
Q

questionaires

A

Are a set of questions or prompts given to participants to answer digitally or with pen and paper. Questions may be open-ended or closed

30
Q

focus groups

A

A qualitative research method which involves aresearcher conducting a discussion with a small group of people (usually 8–12) on a specific topic. Groups are formed on the basis of some shared characteristics

31
Q

yarning circles

A

In Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, this is atraditional approach to group discussionwhich involves talking, exchanging ideas, reflection and deep, considered listening withoutjudgement.

32
Q

literature review

A

Literature review refers to the process of collating and analysing secondary data related to other people’s scientific findings and/or viewpoints, in order to answer a question or provide background information to help explain observed events, or as preparation for an investigation to generate primary data

33
Q

modelling

A

Models/modelling is helpful for understanding, problem solving, or simulating various psychological phenomena and can be physical or conceptual

34
Q

Product, process or system of development

A

refers broadly to the designor evaluation of an artefact, process, or system to meet a human need, which may involve technological applications, in addition to scientific knowledge and procedures.

35
Q

simulation

A

Simulation refers to the process of using a model to study the behaviour of a real or theoretical system.

36
Q

3 advantages of controlled experiments

A

allow researches to infer casual relationships between and draw conclusions about specific variables, provide researches with a high level of control over conditions and variables, they are controlled so it can be repeated to check results

37
Q

3 disadvantages of controlled experiments

A

since they are conducted in labs they do not reflect real life, experimenter effects, time consuming

38
Q

2 advantages of case studies

A

provide highly detailed, rich information about a particular phenomenon under study, allows rare phenomena to be examined in depth

39
Q

3 disadvantages of case studies

A

results cannot be generalised to a wider population as case studies often involve a small group, subject to researcher bias and errors, can be hard to find cause and effect

40
Q

3 advantages of correlational studies

A

no manipulation of variables, provide ideas for future hypothesis, provides info about the association between variables

41
Q

2 disadvantages of correlational studies

A

cannot draw cause and effect, extraneous variables can influence them

42
Q

2 advantages of fieldwork

A

occur over a longer time period, conducted in naturalistic settings so findings are more applicable to the real world

43
Q

2 disadvantages of fieldwork

A

time consuming and expensive to conduct and record data, difficult to control extraneous variables

44
Q

2 advantages of literature review

A

provides background info, may uncover patterns of knowledge and gaps of knowledge

45
Q

2 disadvantages to literature reviews

A

time consuming, difficult to do if little research has been done

46
Q

2 advantages of modelling

A

provide explanatory tools, allows researchers to problem solve

47
Q

1 disadvantage of modelling

A

they may over simplify if inaccurately represent reality

48
Q

1 advantage to product, process or system of development

A

creates “ “ that meet a human need

49
Q

1 disadvantage to product process or system development

A

expensive and time consuming

50
Q

2 advantages to simulation

A

provides insight into potential circumstanecs, allows researchers to view micro phenomena in detail

51
Q

2 disadvantages to simulation

A

time consuming and expensive, subject to human error

psychology 3/4 (2 decks)

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