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AKP > key points to remember > Flashcards

key points to remember Flashcards

1
Q

electrolyte abnormality in CAH

A
  1. metabolic acidosis
  2. hyponatraemia
  3. hyperkalaemia
  4. raised 17 hydroxy progesterone
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2
Q

electrolyte abnormality in bartter syndrome

A
  1. metabolic alkalosis
  2. hypokalaemia
  3. hyponatraemia
  4. hypochloraemia
  5. high calcium in urine
  6. high renin and aldosterone (normal bP)
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3
Q

management of bartter syndrome

A
  1. sodium chloride and potassium supplements
  2. indomethacin
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4
Q

difference between type 1 and 2 RTA

A

type 1 = distal = urinary ph >5.5 reduced bicarb, acidosis

type 2 = proximal = urinary ph <5.5

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5
Q

electrolyte abnormality in tumour lysis syndrome

A
  1. hyperkalaemia
  2. high uric acid
  3. high phosphate
  4. low calcium
  5. metabolic acidosis
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6
Q

oxygen and CO2 dependent on with ventilator settings

A

CO2 -> minute ventilation -> increase RR or PIP or tidal volume to clear cO2

O2 -> mean airway pressure -> increase PEEP to increase O2

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7
Q

stages of periventricular haemorrhage

A

1 - haemorrhage in germinal matrix
2 - IVH without dilatation
3- IVH with ventricular dilatation
4- IVH with intraparenchymal haemorrhage

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8
Q

how to calculate mid parental height

A

(mums height + dads height +/- 13) / 2

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9
Q

diagnosis of asthma

A
  1. FeNO >35 ppb
  2. > 20% peak variability
  3. FEV1/FVC <70% (OBSTRUCTIVE)
  4. bronchodilator reversibility >12% FEV1
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10
Q

side effects of rifampicin

A

orange coloured secretions
deranged LFT

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11
Q

side effects of isoniazid

A

peripheral neuropathy

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12
Q

side effects of pyrazinamide

A

hepatotoxicity
increased uric acid

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13
Q

tests in diabetes insipidus

A
  1. hypernatraemia
  2. high serum osmolality
  3. low urine osmolallity 750
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14
Q

ECG in hyperkalaemia

A
  1. tall tented T waves
  2. flat p waves
  3. prolonged PR interval
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15
Q

ECG in hypokalaemia

A
  1. prominent u waves
  2. ST depression
  3. T wave inversion
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16
Q

EEG in encephalitis

A

periodic sharp wave in frontal and temporal lobes

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17
Q

difference in bone age in constitutional vs familial short stature

A

familial short stature - normal bone age

constitutional short stature - delayed bone age

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18
Q

blood film in hodgkins lymphoma

A

reed sternberg cells = multinucleated, giant lymphocyte, distinct halo

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19
Q

post strep glomerulonephritis investigations

A
  1. low C3, normal C4
  2. low CH50
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20
Q

Features of nephritic syndrome

A
  1. haematuria
  2. reduced renal function
  3. oliguira
  4. HTN
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21
Q

features of vit E deficiency

A
  • neuropathy
  • retinopathy
  • hyperreflexia
  • malabsorption
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22
Q

adrenaline dose in resus

A

1 in 10,000
0.1ml/kg

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23
Q

adrenaline dose in anaphylaxis

A

1 in 1000

< 6 mo - 0.1
6 mo- 6 y/o - 0.15mls (150 micrograms)
6 - 12 y/o - 0.3mls
>12 y/o - 0.5mls (500 micrograms)

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24
Q

red flag signs for anorexia

A
  1. % median BMI <70%
  2. severe haematemesis
  3. bradycardia <40bpm
  4. low temp <35.5
  5. postural drop >20
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25
Q

eye tests at 4 + 6 weeks old

A

visual evoked potentials
optokinetic nystagmus

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26
Q

eye tests at 10 months old

A

identify and pick up objects

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27
Q

eye tests at 2-3 y/o

A

identify mini toys at 3m

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28
Q

eye tests at 3-4 yo

A

optotype matching tests

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29
Q

gene mutations in mODY

A

type 1 - HNF4- alpha
type 2 - GCK
type 4 - HNF1- alpha
type 5 - HNF1-B

30
Q

treatment for pertussis

A

azithromycin

31
Q

genetics in diabetes and coeliac

A

type 1 diabetes - DR3/4

coeliac - DQ2/8 , IgA ttG

32
Q

hearing loss in decibels

A

profound >95 (cochlear implant)
severe 71- 95 (hearing aid)
moderate 41-70
mild 21-40

33
Q

newborn hearing tests

A
  1. automated acoustic emissions
  2. if fail, auditory brainstem response
34
Q

hearing tests at different ages

A

6-24 mo - distraction test
6mo-3 yr - visual reinforcement audiometry
>3 yo - speech perception test
> 4 yo - play audiometry

35
Q

difference in webers and rinnes test

A

RINNES
b/l +ve = normal
+ve = air >bone -> if on one side sensorineural
-ve = bone >air -> conductive hearing loss

WEBERS
localise to one side -> sensorineural deafness in other side

36
Q

findings in autoimmune hepatitis

A
  1. raised serum IgG
  2. low albumin
  3. deranged clotting
  4. deranged LFT
37
Q

antibodies in graves vs hashimotos

A

GRAVES - anti TSH

HASHIMOTOS - anti TPO

38
Q

GCS eye values

A

4 - eyes open spontaneously
3 - eyes open to speech
2- eyes open to pain
1 - none

39
Q

GCS motor values

A

6 - spontaneous movements
5 - localises pain
4- normal flexion to pain
3-abnormal flexion to pain
2- extension to pain
1- none

40
Q

GCS verbal values

A

5 - orientated
4 - confused
3 - inappropriate words
2- incomprehensible sounds
1 - none

41
Q

ECG changes in R ventricular hypertrophy

A

tall R waves in V1 + V4
deep S waves in V5 + V6
upright T waves in V1 and V4

42
Q

ECG changes in L ventricular hypertrophy

A

tall R waves in V5 + V6
deep s waves V1 + V4
inverted T waves 1 and AVl

43
Q

neurofibromatosis criteria

A

Cafe au lait spots >5mm before puberty / >15mm after
Axillary or inguinal freckling
Fibroma - >2 neurofibroma
Eye - >2 lisch nodules
Sphenoid dysplasia
Positive FH
Optic glioma
Tibial pseudoarthrosis

44
Q

patau features

A

trisomy 13
polydactyly
caput aplasia
small eyes

45
Q

edwards features

A

trisomy 18
overlapping fingers
rocker bottom feet
cleft
IUGR
low set ears
VSD

46
Q

investigations for tyrosinaemia

A

increased succinylacetone

47
Q

investigations for metachormatic leukodystrophy

A

urinary sulfatide +ve

48
Q

cause of william syndrome

A

microdeletion of chromosome 7

49
Q

trinucleotide repeats

A

Friedrics ataxia - GAA
fragile X - CGG
congenital myotonic dystrophy - CTG

50
Q

blood film in beta thalassaemia

A

target cells
basophilic stripping
nucleated red blood cells

51
Q

inheritance of wiskott aldrich

A

X linked recessive
reduced IgM, high IgA and IgE

52
Q

inheritence of haemophilia and G6PD

A

X linked recessive

53
Q

heart defect in marfans

A

aortic root dilatation
mitral valve regurgitation

54
Q

galactosaemia investigations

A
  1. raised GAL-1-P
  2. red cell enzyme levels - reduced GALT
55
Q

murmur in tricuspid regurgitation

A

holosystolic
heard best at lower L sternal border
radiates to R sternal border
wide split 2nd heart sound

56
Q

murmur in pulmonary stenosis

A

ejection systolic
heard best at upper l sternal border
radiates to back
thrill and click

57
Q

murmur in mitral regurgitation

A

pansystolic
loudest at apex
radiate to axilla

58
Q

side effects carbamazepine

A

steven johnson
ataxia
thrombocytopenia
hyponatraemia

59
Q

side effects phenytoin

A

gingival hyperplasia
vit D and folate deficiency
nystagmus and ataxia
steven johnson
hirsuitism

60
Q

side effects keppra

A

psychosis anxiety, behaviour change
steven johnson
long QT
insomnia

61
Q

side effects valproate

A

hair loss
tremor
weight gain
deranged lFTs
teratogenic

62
Q

investigation for chediak hagashi

A

peroxidase stained blood film

63
Q

what is sensitivity

A

% who correctly identify as positive with positive test

true positive / true positive + false -ve

64
Q

what is specificity

A

% who correctly have a negative test if dont have the disease

65
Q

what is positive predictive value

A

probability that a positive test correctly identifies those with the disease

66
Q

describe case control

A

retrospective where cases identified and matched with controls and if exposed to risk factor

67
Q

describe cohort

A

2 groups identified and one is exposed to risk and other group not exposed

68
Q

describe cross sectional

A

observational study and determine prevalence of disease at particular time

69
Q

statistical tests for numerical date

A
  1. two sample t test - compare 2 means of normal distributed data
  2. ANOVA - compare multiple means
  3. mann whitney - compare 2 means of non normal distributed data
70
Q

statistical tests for categorical test

A
  1. fishers - independent categories and compare associated between the 2
  2. chi square compare multiple proportions between multiple groups

AKP (12 decks)

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