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key points to remember Flashcards

1
Q

electrolyte abnormality in CAH

A
  1. metabolic acidosis
  2. hyponatraemia
  3. hyperkalaemia
  4. raised 17 hydroxy progesterone
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2
Q

electrolyte abnormality in bartter syndrome

A
  1. metabolic alkalosis
  2. hypokalaemia
  3. hyponatraemia
  4. hypochloraemia
  5. high calcium in urine
  6. high renin and aldosterone (normal bP)
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3
Q

management of bartter syndrome

A
  1. sodium chloride and potassium supplements
  2. indomethacin
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4
Q

difference between type 1 and 2 RTA

A

type 1 = distal = urinary ph >5.5 reduced bicarb, acidosis

type 2 = proximal = urinary ph <5.5

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5
Q

electrolyte abnormality in tumour lysis syndrome

A
  1. hyperkalaemia
  2. high uric acid
  3. high phosphate
  4. low calcium
  5. metabolic acidosis
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6
Q

oxygen and CO2 dependent on with ventilator settings

A

CO2 -> minute ventilation -> increase RR or PIP or tidal volume to clear cO2

O2 -> mean airway pressure -> increase PEEP to increase O2

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7
Q

stages of periventricular haemorrhage

A

1 - haemorrhage in germinal matrix
2 - IVH without dilatation
3- IVH with ventricular dilatation
4- IVH with intraparenchymal haemorrhage

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8
Q

how to calculate mid parental height

A

(mums height + dads height +/- 13) / 2

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9
Q

diagnosis of asthma

A
  1. FeNO >35 ppb
  2. > 20% peak variability
  3. FEV1/FVC <70% (OBSTRUCTIVE)
  4. bronchodilator reversibility >12% FEV1
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10
Q

side effects of rifampicin

A

orange coloured secretions
deranged LFT

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11
Q

side effects of isoniazid

A

peripheral neuropathy

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12
Q

side effects of pyrazinamide

A

hepatotoxicity
increased uric acid

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13
Q

tests in diabetes insipidus

A
  1. hypernatraemia
  2. high serum osmolality
  3. low urine osmolallity 750
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14
Q

ECG in hyperkalaemia

A
  1. tall tented T waves
  2. flat p waves
  3. prolonged PR interval
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15
Q

ECG in hypokalaemia

A
  1. prominent u waves
  2. ST depression
  3. T wave inversion
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16
Q

EEG in encephalitis

A

periodic sharp wave in frontal and temporal lobes

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17
Q

difference in bone age in constitutional vs familial short stature

A

familial short stature - normal bone age

constitutional short stature - delayed bone age

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18
Q

blood film in hodgkins lymphoma

A

reed sternberg cells = multinucleated, giant lymphocyte, distinct halo

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19
Q

post strep glomerulonephritis investigations

A
  1. low C3, normal C4
  2. low CH50
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20
Q

Features of nephritic syndrome

A
  1. haematuria
  2. reduced renal function
  3. oliguira
  4. HTN
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21
Q

features of vit E deficiency

A
  • neuropathy
  • retinopathy
  • hyperreflexia
  • malabsorption
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22
Q

adrenaline dose in resus

A

1 in 10,000
0.1ml/kg

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23
Q

adrenaline dose in anaphylaxis

A

1 in 1000

< 6 mo - 0.1
6 mo- 6 y/o - 0.15mls (150 micrograms)
6 - 12 y/o - 0.3mls
>12 y/o - 0.5mls (500 micrograms)

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24
Q

red flag signs for anorexia

A
  1. % median BMI <70%
  2. severe haematemesis
  3. bradycardia <40bpm
  4. low temp <35.5
  5. postural drop >20
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25
eye tests at 4 + 6 weeks old
visual evoked potentials optokinetic nystagmus
26
eye tests at 10 months old
identify and pick up objects
27
eye tests at 2-3 y/o
identify mini toys at 3m
28
eye tests at 3-4 yo
optotype matching tests
29
gene mutations in mODY
type 1 - HNF4- alpha type 2 - GCK type 4 - HNF1- alpha type 5 - HNF1-B
30
treatment for pertussis
azithromycin
31
genetics in diabetes and coeliac
type 1 diabetes - DR3/4 coeliac - DQ2/8 , IgA ttG
32
hearing loss in decibels
profound >95 (cochlear implant) severe 71- 95 (hearing aid) moderate 41-70 mild 21-40
33
newborn hearing tests
1. automated acoustic emissions 2. if fail, auditory brainstem response
34
hearing tests at different ages
6-24 mo - distraction test 6mo-3 yr - visual reinforcement audiometry >3 yo - speech perception test > 4 yo - play audiometry
35
difference in webers and rinnes test
RINNES b/l +ve = normal +ve = air >bone -> if on one side sensorineural -ve = bone >air -> conductive hearing loss WEBERS localise to one side -> sensorineural deafness in other side
36
findings in autoimmune hepatitis
1. raised serum IgG 2. low albumin 3. deranged clotting 4. deranged LFT
37
antibodies in graves vs hashimotos
GRAVES - anti TSH HASHIMOTOS - anti TPO
38
GCS eye values
4 - eyes open spontaneously 3 - eyes open to speech 2- eyes open to pain 1 - none
39
GCS motor values
6 - spontaneous movements 5 - localises pain 4- normal flexion to pain 3-abnormal flexion to pain 2- extension to pain 1- none
40
GCS verbal values
5 - orientated 4 - confused 3 - inappropriate words 2- incomprehensible sounds 1 - none
41
ECG changes in R ventricular hypertrophy
tall R waves in V1 + V4 deep S waves in V5 + V6 upright T waves in V1 and V4
42
ECG changes in L ventricular hypertrophy
tall R waves in V5 + V6 deep s waves V1 + V4 inverted T waves 1 and AVl
43
neurofibromatosis criteria
Cafe au lait spots >5mm before puberty / >15mm after Axillary or inguinal freckling Fibroma - >2 neurofibroma Eye - >2 lisch nodules Sphenoid dysplasia Positive FH Optic glioma Tibial pseudoarthrosis
44
patau features
trisomy 13 polydactyly caput aplasia small eyes
45
edwards features
trisomy 18 overlapping fingers rocker bottom feet cleft IUGR low set ears VSD
46
investigations for tyrosinaemia
increased succinylacetone
47
investigations for metachormatic leukodystrophy
urinary sulfatide +ve
48
cause of william syndrome
microdeletion of chromosome 7
49
trinucleotide repeats
Friedrics ataxia - GAA fragile X - CGG congenital myotonic dystrophy - CTG
50
blood film in beta thalassaemia
target cells basophilic stripping nucleated red blood cells
51
inheritance of wiskott aldrich
X linked recessive reduced IgM, high IgA and IgE
52
inheritence of haemophilia and G6PD
X linked recessive
53
heart defect in marfans
aortic root dilatation mitral valve regurgitation
54
galactosaemia investigations
1. raised GAL-1-P 2. red cell enzyme levels - reduced GALT
55
murmur in tricuspid regurgitation
holosystolic heard best at lower L sternal border radiates to R sternal border wide split 2nd heart sound
56
murmur in pulmonary stenosis
ejection systolic heard best at upper l sternal border radiates to back thrill and click
57
murmur in mitral regurgitation
pansystolic loudest at apex radiate to axilla
58
side effects carbamazepine
steven johnson ataxia thrombocytopenia hyponatraemia
59
side effects phenytoin
gingival hyperplasia vit D and folate deficiency nystagmus and ataxia steven johnson hirsuitism
60
side effects keppra
psychosis anxiety, behaviour change steven johnson long QT insomnia
61
side effects valproate
hair loss tremor weight gain deranged lFTs teratogenic
62
investigation for chediak hagashi
peroxidase stained blood film
63
what is sensitivity
% who correctly identify as positive with positive test true positive / true positive + false -ve
64
what is specificity
% who correctly have a negative test if dont have the disease
65
what is positive predictive value
probability that a positive test correctly identifies those with the disease
66
describe case control
retrospective where cases identified and matched with controls and if exposed to risk factor
67
describe cohort
2 groups identified and one is exposed to risk and other group not exposed
68
describe cross sectional
observational study and determine prevalence of disease at particular time
69
statistical tests for numerical date
1. two sample t test - compare 2 means of normal distributed data 2. ANOVA - compare multiple means 3. mann whitney - compare 2 means of non normal distributed data
70
statistical tests for categorical test
1. fishers - independent categories and compare associated between the 2 2. chi square compare multiple proportions between multiple groups

AKP (12 decks)

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