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Key points Flashcards

1
Q

Alkylating agents

A

Leukemia, Lymphoma

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2
Q

Arsenic

A

SCC: skin, lung, liver (angiosarcoma)

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3
Q

Nitrosamines

A

Stomach CA

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4
Q

Naphthylamine

A

Urothelial CA of bladder

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5
Q

VInyl Chloride

A

Angiosarcoma of liver

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6
Q

HTLV-1

A

Adult T cell leukemia, lymphoma

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7
Q

Ionizing (nuclear/reactor accidents and radiotherapy)

A

AML, CML, Papillary CA of thyroid

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8
Q

Nonionizing UVB

A

skin cancers

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9
Q

Growth factor Oncogene: PDGFB

A

Overexpression, autocrine loop

Astrocytoma

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10
Q

GFR - ERBB2

A

Her2/neu
Amplification
Breast CA

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11
Q

GFR - RET

A

Neural GFR
Point mutation
Men 2A/2B & sporadic medullary CA of thyroid

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12
Q

GFR - KIT

A

stem cell GFR
Point mutation
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

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13
Q

Signal Transducers: Ras gene family

A

GTP binding protein
Point mutation
CA, Melanoma, Lymphoma

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14
Q

Signal Transducers: ABL

A

tyrosine kinase
t(9,22) w/ BCR
CML (defines)

+ some ALL

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15
Q

Nuclear Regulators: c-myc

A

transcription factor
t(8,14) involving IgH
Burkitt lymphoma

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16
Q

Nuclear Regulators: N-myc

A

Transcription factor
Amplification
Neuroblastoma

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17
Q

Nuclear Regulators: L-myc

A

Transcription factor
Amplification
Small Cell Lung cancer

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18
Q

Cell cycle regulators: CCND1 (cyclin D1)

A

Cyclin
t(11, 14) involving IgH
Mantle Cell lymphoma

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19
Q

Cell cycle regulators: CDK4

A

Cyclin dependent kinase
Amplification
Melanoma

20
Q

P53 regulates

A

progression of cell cylte from G1 - S

21
Q

Rb regulates

A

progression from G1-S
holds E2F transciption factor - necessary for transition to S phase
E2f released when RB phosphorylated by CyclinD/CDK4

22
Q

Sporadic Rb mutation

A

unilateral retinoblastoma

23
Q

Germline Rb mutation

A

Familial Rb

bilateral retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

24
Q

Bcl2 overexpressed in

A

Follicular lymphoma

t(14,18)

25
Q

Tumor cells downregulate MHC

26
Q

Carcinoma spreads

A

lymphatically

27
Q

Sarcomas spreads

A

hematogenously

28
Q

Exceptions to CA spread

A

RCC - Renal Vein
HCC - Hepatic Vein
Follicular CA of thryoid
Choriocarcinoma

29
Q

Stain: Keratin

A

Epithelium

30
Q

Stain: Vimentin

A

Mesenchyme (CT)

31
Q

Stain: Desmin

32
Q

Stain: GFAP

33
Q

Stain: Neurofilament

34
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

Thyroid Follicular Cells

35
Q

Chromogranin

A

Neuroendocrine Cells

36
Q

S-100

A

Melanoma
Schwannoma
Langerhans Histocytosis

37
Q

Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)

A

IgG Ab against platelet antigens
Most common cause thrombocytopenia in children/adults
Acute: children after viral infxn/immunization
Chronic: adults, women of childbearing age

38
Q

Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

A

Platelets consumed in microthrombi
RBC sheared
Hemolytic anemia with schistocyes
TTP/HUS

39
Q

TTP

A

decreased ADAMTS13

CNS abnromalities

40
Q

HUS

A

drugs/infection
Children E. Coli O157:H7 dysentery
Verotoxin results in platelet microthrombi
Renal insufficiency

41
Q

Coagulation Factor Inhibition

A

Acquired Ab against coagulation factor - usually FVIII

PTT doesn’t correct w/ mixing normal plasma w/ pt’s plasma d/t inhibitor

42
Q

vWF lab findings

A 
Increased bleeding time
Increased PTT
Normal PT
(decreased FVIII - vWF stabilizes FVIII)
Abn ristocetin test
TX: desmopressin
43
Q

DIC lab findings

A

Decreased platelet count
Increased PT/PTT
Decreased fibrinogen

44
Q

Virchow triad

A

Blood flow, endothelial cell damage, hypercoagulable state

45
Q

Cystathionine Beta Synthase

A

Vessel thrombosis, mental retardation, lens dislocation, long slender fingers
Increased homocysteine levels and homocytinurai

pathoma (12 decks)

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