key phrases Flashcards by Aamina Yousaf

Ankylosing Spondylitis

bamboo spine on X-ray

recurrent uveitis

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Osteopetrosis

marble appearance on X-ray
defective osteoclastic activity
cranial neuropathy
calcium and phosphate levels normal

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Fibrous Dysplasia

ground glass appearance

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Albright Syndrome

polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with cafe-au-lait macules

precocious puberty

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Paget’s

cotton wool bone on X-ray (fluffy sclerotic areas of frontal bone)
frontal bossing

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Cleidocranial Dysplasia/Dystotosis

absent clavicle and prognathic mandible
depressed nasal bridge
frontal, parietal and occipital bossing

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Osteoporosis

no raised alkaline phosphatase
colles fracture (fracture in distal radius of forearm)

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Rickets

rachitic rosary

pseudo fracture on radiograph

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Osteomalacia

bone bowing

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Osteomyelitis

fever with bone pain
mainly in children
tender teeth
lower lip paraesthesia
trismus (lockjaw)

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Osteoarthritis

herberden’s nodes (swelling at DIP) + Bouchards nodes (bony nodes at PIP)
wearing down and asymmetrical

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Psoriatic arthritis

skin changes
onnycholisis
pitting

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Reiter’s syndrome

arthritis, conjunctivitis/uvitis, urethritis

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Rheumatoid arthritis

symmetrical
raised ESR
boutoinnieres (chronic) and swan neck
can be acute or chronic
subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules at sites of pressure

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Sjogrens

dry mouth, dry eyes, dry vagina

destruction of acinar cells

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Samter syndrome

aspirin induced asthma, nasal polyps, runny nose

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Reye syndrome

aspirin induced acute encephalopathy in children

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Behcet’s disease

inflammation of blood vessels and tissues
red eyes
painful stiff swollen joints
acne
ulcers
triad of oral + genital ulceration + uvitis

Osteogenesis imperfecta

dentinogenesis imperfecta
loose weak tendons
dwarfism
parietal bossing
defective type 1 collagen

Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia

spider naevi
sporadic dilated microvascular near epidermis
genetic disease

Petechiae

damaged underlying vessels (smaller) = bleeding

Purpurra

damaged underlying vessels (larger) = bleeding

Von Willibrand Disease

low VWF (pseudo-haemophilia A)

Haemophilia A and B

clotting factor assay shows lack/loss of clotting factor 8(A) and 9(B)
bleeding into joints common, arthritis can be caused

Bernard Soulier syndrome

deficiency in VWF receptor glycoprotein 1b on platelet

Glanzmann syndrome

defective fibrinogen receptor glycoprotein 2b/2a on platelet

Platelet dysfunction

Aspirin and NSAIDs induced

Anaemia

decreased Hb

Fe2+ anaemia (microcytic RBCs)

Koilonychia | associated with paterson-Kelly syndrome

Thalassemia (microcytic RBCs)

mediterranean and Middle Eastern | small RBCs

B12 anaemia (macrocytic RBCs)

neurological symptoms schilling test common in older women

Folate anaemia (microcytic RBCs)

no neurological symptoms | can happen at any age

aplastic anaemia (microcytic)

bone marrow disorder | pancytopenia

haemolytic anaemia (normocytic)

includes G9PD deficiency sickle cell spherocytes

anaemia of chronic disease (normocytic)

rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, SLE (lupus)

sickle cell anaemia (sickled RBC)

``` africans splenic sequestration (spleno-megaly) haemolytic anaemia jaundice painful crisis ```

pernicious anaemia (decreased B12 absorption)

schilling test

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

``` over-production of immature lymphoblast cells so decreased normal cells children radiotherapy exposure to benzene CNS involvement poor prognosis in adults ```

acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)

most common acute type in adults CNS involvement rare CN palsy poor prognosis in adults & children

chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)

most common of all leukaemias coincidental finding upon screening usually asymptomatic

chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)

philadelphia chromosome BCR-ABL gene lymphadenopathy rare

Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL)

affects lymph nodes also find Reed-Sternberg cells stage 1: 1 lymph node stage 2: 2 lymph nodes on same side of diaphragm stage 3: more lymph nodes across body stage 4: diffuse involvement

non-hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)

B-cell & T-cell affected | extra-nodal tissue tissue affected

Burkitt's lymphoma (NHL)

African children (endemic) western (sporadic) jaw swelling starry sky pattern