key info Flashcards
naval blockade
Aug 1914
Mutiny and revolt
1915- 500 women gathered outside parliament
1916- 10000 workers rebelled in Berlin
Oct 1918
Sailors mutiny
G Ludendorff
fatherless children
2 million
widows
600000
Spartacist uprising
Jan 1919
Take over Berlin
Ebert sent 2000 free corps - violence used and 3 days of brutal street fighting and arrested and murdered leaders
Proportional representation
Voting system
Never a majority - 1919-1923
Difficult decision making
Occupation of the Ruhr
1923
Suffering of Germans during the occupation of the Ruhr
100 killed
15000 thrown out of homes
Change in value of a loaf of bread
Dec 1921- 4 marks
Sep 1923- 1.5 million marks
Nov 1923- 201 billion marks
Number of F and Belgian soldiers
60000
Money used to
Light fires
Political murders between 1919 and 1922
350
Mattias Erzberger
Murdered Aug 1921
Kapp Putsch
March 1920
Took control of Berlin
Gov officials fled
Workers didn’t support so went on strike - no gas electricity water or trains
100 hours and then Kapp fled
How many free corps did Kapp have the support of ?
5000
Red rising
Once Kapp had fled
LW workers in Ruhr stayed on strike rose up and took over several towns
Workers killed in the red rising
1000 by the free corps
Members of Nazi part 1920-23
1920- 3000
1921- 5000
1923- felt he was ready to revolt
Head of Bavarian government
Gustav von Kahr
Marching of Kapp Putsch
2000 supporters
Met by armed police
3 policemen and 10 nazis dead
He and Ludendorff arrested and taken to prison
Impact
Media sensation
Trial lasted 24 days
Ludendorff set free and H only sentenced for 5 years and was released after 9 months
Hitler realised he had to change his tactics to win majority democratically
Mein Kampf
Dawes plan
1924
Borrowed 800 million gold marks
Young Plan
1929
Reparations reduced from 6.6 billion to 1.8 billion
Given longer to pay
% of voters for Nazi party in 1924
5%
% of voters for Nazi party in 1928
2%
Pacts signed to strengthen G’s international status
1925- Locarno
1928- Kellogg Briand - 63 countries
1926- LON
What was built with the money from the dawes plan?
Factories
Roads
Schools
Houses
American companies built factories in G- ford and gillette
Sale of radios
1 Million in 1926 to 4 Million in 1932
Cinema
Metropolis - Fritz Lang
Most technologically advanced film of the decade
Marlene Dietrich- German born actress who played glamorous strong women- worldwide star
Change from pre-WW1
Under rule of Kaiser there were many restrictions
Control of entertainment
Art
Avant gard artists
Otto dix
Design
Bauhaus movement
Modern simple and practical designs
Literature
All quiet on the western front
Sold half a million copies in 3 months
Nightlife
New plays and opera
Jazz night clubs in Berlin with live bands
Kurt Weill’s the three penny opera
Adaptation was an office smash
Germans unemployed
Within three years 6 million
Growth in support for extremist parties
G public full of resentment
Nazi party gave radical solutions which reassured the public
Unemployment and hunger changed the way many Germans thought and behaved
Needed to be reassured of a solution
Turned to these parties for help
Nazi party election results
1928- 12
1930- 107
1932- 230
1932- 196
Failure of Weimar gov
2 chancellors- muller and bruning who made v little impact
Used article 48 to try and share land of factory owners
Pres Hindenburg withdrew support and resignation of bruning
1932
By 1932, maj w Nazi party
Growth of the SA
1931- 100000
1933- 400000
Hitler youth
Learn how to fire guns, wrestle, read maps and build campfire
Technological uses
1932- used an aeroplane to take him to 20 cities in 7 days for election speeches
Constant use of radio- modern and in touch
Reichstag election of 1930
Nazis got 107 votes
2nd largest party
Unpopular bruning became chancellor
Increased taxes
Hitler started increasing Nazi use of propaganda by mass rallies so popularity grew quick
1932
Bruning resigns and Hindenburg appoints von Papen
Didn’t have support
Elections called
Nazi party biggest party - 230 votes
Failure of Weimar
Many bomb plots fights and murders
Chaos and violence
Hindenburg using emergency decrees to make decisions without consulting the reichstag
SA
Beat up communists at meetings
Nazis weren’t only party with their own private army
July 1932
Hitler demands chancellor job as the biggest party
Hindenburg refuses
EMERGENCY decree- von Papen
Couldn’t pass any laws… another election
Nov 1932
Another election
Votes for Nazi party decreased slightly - 196
Still majority
Centre party got less votes so von Papen resigned
HINDEBURG REFUSED AGAIN
von Schleicher
no support so he resigned
30 Jan 1933
Only Hitler left
Hindenburg appointed
HOWEVER tried to control
Gave von Papen role of vice Chancellor
Limited Hitlers members in cabinet to 2
RAD
National labour service
Old men aged between 18 and 25 had to spend six months in the RAD
Planted forests mended hedges and dug drainage ditches on farms
They wore uniforms and lived in camps but were given free meals and a small wage
Rearmament
Conscription introduced in 1935
New tanks, battleships, fighter planes and guns were built creating thousands of jobs
Huge government arms contracts made factory owners and industrial bossesa fortune
Growth of the army
Within five years army grew from 100,000 to 1,400,000 creating even more jobs
Public work schemes
New network of motorways to link Germany’s major towns and cities were built
Gave work to nearly 100,000 people
New schools and hospitals built creating even more jobs
Decrease in unemployment
1932 and 1933- 6.1 million
1934 - 4 million
1935 - 3 million
1938 - 1.1 million
1939 - 0.4 million
German labour front
Replaced trade unions
Strikes were now illegal and workers needed permission to have jobs
Two schemes were ran to improve German’s lives
The People’s car
Volkswagen
Affordable
However, scheme was a swindle no ordinary Germans ever received a car
Beauty of labour
Tried to improve the workplace by installing better lighting, safety and equipment new washrooms low-cost canteen and sports facilities
Strength through joy
Organise leisure activities to encourage hard work
Held a reward scheme with cheap holidays their trips and football match tickets have workers met targets
Minister of economics
Schacht
Schacht sacked
Germany was still dependent on foreign rule materials and changes were too slow
Göerring
1936- 4 year plan to introduce military production
Self-sufficiency
Made their own petrol from coal artificial wool from wood pulp make up from flour and coffee from acorns
Population involved in agriculture forestry
30%
Rationing
November 1939
Limits to food and clothing
Limited to one egg per week
Hot water rationed to two times per week
Soap and toilet paper in very small supplies
Total war
1942
Albert Speer
Labour shortages
1944
7 million foreign workers brought in
Bombing
1942- Britain, America began bombing German cities
No electricity water transport
Thousands left their homes to find safety is refugees
How many writers left Germany between 1933 and 1945?
2500
When did they publicly burn paintings?
1936
Olympic games
Held in Berlin in 1936
Propaganda opportunity
Everything was filmed
Latest German technology
Superiority of the German race
Anti-somatic posters, the newspapers temporarily stopped
Leaders of the Whiterose group
Hans and Sophie Scholl
When did the church speak out?
1941
Number of attempts on Hitler’s life
50
The Beck-Goerderler group
contacted British about removing it, but no agreement was reached
Tried to kill Hitler in March and November 1943
Behind the July bomb plot of 1944
