Key Individuals (Industrial)

Question 1

Who was Elizabeth Garret Anderson?

Answer 1

First woman doctor in Britain

Question 2

Why was Anderson important?

Answer 2

• First woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain (1865)
• Started the New Hospital for Women in London
• Women allowed in medicine from 1876

Question 3

Factors in Anderson’s success

Answer 3

QUALIFIED THROUGH SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES
OTHER COUNTRIES: was inspired by first American female doctor Elizabeth Blackwell, learnt French so she could study in Paris where it was allowed
GOVERNMENT EVENTUALLY PASSES LAW ALLOWING WOMEN TO STUDY MEDICINE

Question 4

Problems with Anderson

Answer 4

Was a woman in a very sexist, male dominated world

Question 5

Who was Joseph Bazalgette?

Answer 5

Chief Engineer in London

Question 6

Why was Bazalgette important?

Answer 6

-Designed and supervised a new sewage system (1856-66) that carried waste to treatment plants

Question 7

Factors in Bazalgette’s success

Answer 7

GOVERNMENT: Appointed and supported the development of a sewer system after Cholera outbreak kills 10,000 (1853/4) and the ‘Great Stink’ (1858)
TECHNOLOGY: Sewage processing plants

Question 8

Problems with Bazalgette

Answer 8

Dealing with sewage made him ill, but he got better

Question 9

Who was Edward Jenner?

Answer 9

Country doctor

Question 10

Why was Jenner important?

Answer 10

• Experimented with Cowpox disease, worked out it could be used to stop the deadly Smallpox illness
• His idea of vaccination agains Smallpox became popular

Question 11

Factors in Jenner’s success

Answer 11

BETTER EDUCATION FOR DOCTORS: scientific and anatomical training was necessary to qualify
KNOWLEDGE OF TRADITIONAL TREATMENTS: tried to work out how he could extend the idea
WILLINGNESS TO EXPERIMENT AND RECORD HIS FINDINGS SCIENTIFICALLY

Question 12

Problems with Jenner

Answer 12

Resistance to his ideas from others. Lack of government interest in compulsory vaccinations

Question 13

Who was Edwin Chadwick?

Answer 13

Public Health Report writer

Question 14

Why was Chadwick important?

Answer 14

• Reported on the living effects of poverty and poor living conditions on health
• Recommended Public Health Reform (1847) => led to a Public Health Act 1848

Question 15

Factors in Chadwick’s success

Answer 15

GOVERNMENT: gave Chadwick the job of investigating and eventually introduced his recommendations

Question 16

Problems with Chadwick

Answer 16

1848 Act was mainly voluntary and many towns ignored it. Some changes were later reversed

Question 17

Who was John Snow?

Answer 17

London Doctor

Question 18

Why was Snow important?

Answer 18

• Established link between dirty water and Cholera (1854)
• Had Broad street pump causing deaths removed
• Worked out safe doses of anaesthetics
• Developed idea of plotting outbreaks of disease on a map so patterns could be seen: helped the study of epidemics

Question 19

Factors in Snow’s success

Answer 19

RESPECT: treated Queen Victoria with Chloroform so was respected as a doctor
PUBLISHED HIS FINDINGS

Question 20

Problems with Snow

Answer 20

He couldn’t prove why the illness spread and it didn’t lead to better water generally

Question 21

Who was Florence Nightingale?

Answer 21

Nurse

Question 22

Why was Nightingale important?

Answer 22

• Professionalised nursing
• Improved conditions in hospitals, first in Crimean War then UK
• Started a nurses training school and wrote ‘Notes on Nursing’, both 1860

Question 23

Factors in Nightingale’s success

Answer 23

RELIGION: felt that God had called her to work
GOVERNMENT: asked her to go to Scutari and supported her efforts for change
WAR: Crimean War success made her famous and allowed her ideas to spread

Question 24

Problems with Nightingale

Answer 24

Spent the second half of her life as an invalid and directed things from her bedroom

Question 25

Who was Louis Pasteur?

Answer 25

French Scientist

Question 26

Why was Pasteur important?

Answer 26

• Developed Germ Theory 1861*

- Developed vaccines for Chicken Cholera, Anthrax and Rabies

Question 27

Factors in Pasteur’s success

Answer 27

MICROSCOPE: allowed him to study microbes
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT (NATIONAL RIVALRY): his projects received funds and equipment
LUCK: his chickens were given the wrong disease and he was able to work out why they survived

Question 28

Who was Robert Koch?

Answer 28

German doctor

Question 29

Why was Koch important?

Answer 29

• Discovered the actual microbes that caused diseases such as Cholera and Tuberculosis
• Found a way to make the microbes easy to see

Question 30

Factors in Koch’s success

Answer 30

MICROSCOPE: allowed him to study microbes
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT (NATIONAL RIVALRY): his projects received funds and equipment
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TECHNIQUES: meant that he recorded everything in detail to allow others to study his findings further