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AQA History: Health and the People > Key individuals > Flashcards

Key individuals Flashcards

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1
Q

Hippocrates - impact

A
  • 4 humours
  • careful observation
  • hippocratic oath
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2
Q

Hippocrates - significance

A
  • encouraged observation
  • encouraged finding rational causes for disease over superstition
  • hippocratic oath still present today
  • his ideas about the 4 humours stood for over 1000 years
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3
Q

Galen - impact

A
  • theory of opposites (treatment based on 4 humours theory)
  • proved that it was the brain not the heart that controlled speech
  • made several anatomical mistakes due to dissecting apes
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4
Q

Galen - significance

A
  • ideas approved by christian church so was not challenged meaning is mistakes were not corrected for over 1000 years
  • his ideas were tough in medical schools
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5
Q

Avicenna - impact

A
  • wrote the Canon of Medicine
  • listed the medical properties of 760 drugs
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6
Q

Avicenna - significance

A
  • the Canon of Medicine became the standard European medical textbook and was used to teach doctors in the West
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7
Q

Roger Bacon

A
  • encouraged doctors to learn from their own experiments
  • the Church threw him in prison for challenging Galen
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8
Q

John Hunter - impact

A
  • collective and studied 3000 anatomical specimens
  • proved that it was possible to have two different diseases in the same part of your body
  • developed a treatment for aneurysms
  • removed facial tumours
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9
Q

John Hunter - significance

A
  • inspired others to continue his work
  • had new surgical ideas
  • controversial figure as he used grave robbers
    -taught hundreds of other surgeons in his scientific approach
  • development of aneurysm reduced the number of amputations needed
  • appointed surgeon to the King
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10
Q

Vesalius - impact

A
  • published the ‘Fabric of the Human Body’
  • dissected humans to find correct human anatomy
  • proved Galen wrong
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11
Q

Vesalius - significance

A
  • carried out public lectures to show evidence on why Galen was wrong
  • forced to leave his job as a professor at Padua because he challenged Galen’s ideas
  • in the long term, other surgeons shared and translated his work
  • formed the basis of all surgeons’s understanding
  • lead to more detailed research on human anatomy
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12
Q

Paré - impact

A
  • Paré ran out of hot oil so he improvised and used a rose oil cream proving that gun shot wounds were not poisonous and didn’t need to be burned out using hot oil
  • Paré used ligatures instead of cauterisation
  • he designed false limbs for wounded soldiers
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13
Q

Paré - significance

A
  • ligatures stopped bleeding more effectively than cauterisation
  • these new treatments took longer so surgeons on the battle field were more reluctant to use them where treatment needed to be quick
  • in the long term he disproves the idea that gunshots wounds weren’t poisonous
  • later, his books are widely circulated throughout Europes
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14
Q

Harvey - impact

A
  • he proved that blood could only go through the circulatory system in one direction by pumping it in the opposite direction through valves
  • he studied the human heart and the hearts of cold-blooded animals to understand how the muscles worked
  • he dissected and studied human hearts
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15
Q

Harvey - significance

A
  • another example of Galen’s work being proved incorrect this encouraged other doctors to continue to question and challenge ancient ideas
  • his work led to doctors attempting blood transfusions but these were unsuccessful as blood groups had not been discovered - the first transfusion wasn’t until 1901
  • in the longer term, his work was significant in allowing the first blood transfusion but not until 1901
  • today, understanding the blood and it circulation is significant a it allows us to test and diagnose illness and to carry out advanced surgery like organ transplants
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16
Q

Why was Harvery’s work criticised?

A
  • his work was ignored and Harvey was not believed as he didn’t know enough to back up his findings like:
    1. why the blood circulated
    2. why there was different coloured blood in the arteries and veins
    3. how the blood got from the arteries to the veins
  • he was also criticised as he went against Galen and he was challenging the idea of bloodletting to balance the humours
17
Q

Jenner - impact

A
  • discovered that cowpox could be used as a vaccination against smallpox
18
Q

Jenner - short-term significance

A

He was not believed due to:
- he could not explain how vaccination worked
- many doctors were profiting from smallpox inoculation
- attempts to repeat his experiment failed; for example in a London Smallpox Hospital cowpox was tested nut their equipment was contaminated and a patient died
- Jenner was not a fashionable city doctors so was not respected by some

19
Q

Jenner - long-term

A
  • members of the royal family were vaccinated
  • parliament acknowledged Jenner’s research with a £10,000 grant
  • the smallpox vaccination was made compulsory by the British government in 1853
20
Q

Pasteur - impact

A
  • proved that spontaneous generation was wrong and that germs, not chemicals caused disease
21
Q

Pasteur - short-term significance

A
  • most doctors at the time did not believed that microscopic germs could harm something as large and advanced as a human
  • Pasteur’s research related to specific germs that might make food go off or give diseases to animals. It did not relate to those that might make people ill
  • Charlton Bastian, an influential doctor in London, had written many articles that supported spontaneous generation and many people didn’t want to challenge his views
22
Q

Why did people begin to believe Pasteur

A
  • during the cattle plague of 1866, Lionel Beale used the latest microscopes to identify the specific microbe responsible and it the plague was shown to be clearly spread by contact
  • John Tyndall was a famous physicist who argued in favour or Pasteur and against Bastian
  • the specific germ that causes typhoid was identified
23
Q

Pasteur - long term significance

A
  • by the 1880s, British doctors had accepted Germ Theory but deep inside the body they could not use intense heat of powerful antiseptics
  • by 1890s surgeons in Europe and North america developed aseptic surgery
  • led to face ask, rubber gloves and surgical gowns being used and huge public operating theatres were replaced with smaller room all reducing infections dramatically
24
Q

Lister - impact

A
  • used carbolic acid in surgery to kill bacteria
  • sprayed it on surgeons hands and operating area as well as soaking instruments and bandages in it
25
Q

Lister - short-term significance

A
  • used Germ Theory to explain his work which wasn’t accepted in Britain yet
  • Lister’s ideas were criticised
  • British surgeons offered alternative explanations
  • spontaneous generation was supported by influential doctors like Bastian
  • carbolic acid dried skin and irritated lungs and it took nurses a long time to prepare his carbolic methods
  • Lister changed his techniques and surgeons said this was due to ineffectiveness
26
Q

Simpson - impact

A
  • found chloroform: a safe and effective anaesthetic
27
Q

Simpson - short- term significance

A

Many objected to anesthetics because:
- surgeons were used to operating quickly on a conscious patient
- some army surgeons thought that soldiers should dutifully bear the pain
- in the early days of chloroform, some patients died because it was not understood that patients of different sizes needed different amounts of chloroform - Hannah greener died from an overdose in an operation to remove her toenail
- there were religious objections to anaesthetics as pain in childbirth was though to be God’s will

28
Q

What happened when chloroform was tried on Hannah Greener?

A
  • she died from an overdose
  • she was having an operation to remove her toenail
29
Q

Simpson - long-term significance

A
  • Queen Victoria used anaesthetics in 1853 for childbirth which made it acceptable and fashionable
  • anaesthetics did not revolutionise surgery as there was still a high death rate from infections produced by operations
30
Q

Robert Koch - impact

A
  • the founder of bacteriology - the study of bacteria
  • identified the microbe responsible for anthrax
  • identified the cholera germs and the tuberculosis germs
  • used scientific methods like industrial dyes and microscope to help him view and identify bacteria and used a camera to photograph his findings and share them
31
Q

Koch - short-term significance

A

-helped to train many young scientists to use his methods

32
Q

Fleming - impact

A
  • discovered the germ-killing capabilities of penicillin
33
Q

Fleming - short-term significance

A
  • published his findings but didn’t test it and garnered little interest
34
Q

Penicillin (Florey and Chain) - long term-significance

A
  • Us government fund it
  • mass production of antibiotics today
    could be limited due to antibiotic resistance
35
Q

Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree - impact

A

-both wrote reports saying that a large proportion of the population did not have enough money to eat properly
- Booth demonstrated that there was a link between poverty and a high death rate

36
Q

Beveridge - impact

A
  • wrote The Beveridge Report
  • it said that people had the right to be free of the ‘five giants’ that could ruin their lives:
    1. disease
    2. want (need0
    3. ignorance
    4. idleness
    5. squalor
37
Q

Bevan - impact

A
  • introduced the NHS

AQA History: Health and the People (2 decks)

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