Key Grammar Flashcards
Prohibitions - DONT…
noli + inf = singular
nolite = inf = plural
EXAMPLE:
noli celare pecuniam = don’t hide the money
Direct Questions
~ -ne = indicates question
~ nonne…? = surely?
~ num…? = surely…not?
QUESTION WORDS
- cur = why
- quando = when
- ubi = where
- quo = to where/ whither
- unde = from where/ whence
- quis = who
- quid = what
- quam = how
- quomodo = how/ in what way
- quot = how many
- quantus, a, um = how much/ how big
- qualis, e = what sort of
Passive
-r
-ris
-tur
-mur
-mini
-ntur
Present Participle
stem + NT + ending
EXAMPLE:
portaNTes = carrying
IRREGULAR
going = euNT + ending
Past Passive Participle (PPP)
- 4th principal part
- having been +ed
EXAMPLE:
captus = having been captured
Perfect Passive = I WAS + -ED
PPP + esse present tense
portatus +
- sum
- es
- est
- sumus
- estis
- sunt
= i WAS carried
EXAMPLE:
laudata est = she was praised
Pluperfect Passive = I HAD BEEN + -ED
PPP + esse perfect tense
portatus +
- eram
- eras
- erat
- eramus
- eratis
- erant
= i HAD BEEN carried
EXAMPLE:
acceptus eras = you had been accepted
Future Active Participle = INTENDING TO + INF/ ABOUT TO…
PPP but ‘TUR’ before ending
EXAMPLE:
portaTURus = about to carry
moniTURus = about to warn
IRREGULARS:
- fuTURus = about to be
- iTURus = about to go q
Imperatives
porta! (sing) portate! (plu)
mone! monete!
trahe! trahite!
audi! audite!
cape! capite!
IRREGULARS:
- dic! = say
- duc! = lead!
- fac! = do! make!
- fur! ferte! = bring! carry!
- i! ite! = go!
- abi! = go away!
Present Passive Infinitives
end in -i
- portari = to be carried
- moneri = to be warned
- trahi = to be dragged
- audiri = to be heard
- capi = to be taken, captured
PROLATIVE INFINITIVES
= triggered by verbs like
possum, volo, nolo, malo, iubeo, constituo, cogo
Deponent Verbs
LOOK PASSIVE BUT TRANSLATED AS ACTIVE
have PAP instead of PPP (HAVING + -ED NOT HAVING BEEN + -ED)
conor = i try
conari = to try
conatus sum = i tried
EXAMPLES:
hortor = encourage
sequor = follow
loquor = speak
morior = die
aggredior = attack
progredior = advance
egredior = go out
ingredior = enter
regredior = return
miror = wonder at, admire
profiscor = set out
patior = suffer, endure
videor = seem, appear
Semi Deponent Verbs
normal for first 2 principal parts
looks deponent for 3rd - gavisus sum = i rejoiced
EXAMPLE:
- fio, fieri, FACTUS SUM = become
- gaudeo, gaudere, GAVISUS SUM = rejoice
- soleo, solere, SOLITUS SUM = i am accustomed
Perfect Infinitive
ACTIVE:
- portaVISSE = to have carried
PASSIVE:
- portatus, a, um esse = to have been carried
Future Infinitive
ACTIVE:
- portaTURus, a, um esse = to be about to carry
Indirect Statements (AKA accusative infinitives)
THAT
- includes ABOVE NECK VERB
= dico, puto, scio, nescio
(elevated to beginning of sentence) - accusative
- infinitive at end
YOU NEED TO IMPLY THE ‘THAT’
EXAMPLE:
nuntius dicit navem appropinquare
= the messenger says THAT the ship is approaching
