KEY FAX (across Russia) Flashcards
define GOSPLAN
set economic targets
define VESHENKA
economic planning committee
Who was Beria?
Head of MVD (before NKVD), Secret police
When did Krushchev get elected into the central committee?
1934
When was the 7 year plan?
1959
What was Stalingrad renamed to in Krushchev’s reign?
Volgograd
How many places of worship were left after destalinisation?
7500
what was Stalin’s mausoleum?
body was dug up and buried in a concrete pit
how many casualties were there in WW1
1.7M dead, 2.4M captured
how much was the war cost (WW1)
3B roubles
(ww2) how many collective farmers were women
4/5
(ww2) how much did the communist party membership increase by 1945
3.6M to 5.8M
what was order 277
no retreating
when was order 277 put in place
28 July, 1942
what was order 270
families of deserters were arrested
when was order 270 put in place
16 August, 1941
how many casualties in WW2? (killed + imprisoned)
27M Russians killed, 5M prisoners
when was the battle of Stalingrad?
Oct 1942
how many Germans died at the battle of stalingrad
55K German deaths
when was Churchill’s Iron curtain speech
March 1946
When and what was the Truman doctrine
March 1947- anxiety around communism
when did Molotov reject the Marshall plan (COLD WAR)
1947
When was cominform set up and what did it aim to do? (COLD WAR)
Sept 1947- aimed to co-ordinate economic recovery for Eastern europe
When and what was the Treaty of San Stefano? (RUSSO-TURKISH)
1879- gave Russia land in Bessarabia. Turkey paid for war idemnity, Bulgaria expanded.
When and what was the Treaty of Portsmouth? (RUSSO-JAPANESE)
Aug 1905- Russia forced out of Port Arthur, had to acknowledge Japanese sovereignty in Korea
When and what was the Treaty of Paris? (CRIMEAN)
1856- Russia had to give up lands in Maldivian and were not allowed to maintain fleet in black sea.
What did Russia do with the foreign loans? (CRIMEAN)
Built 20,000 KM of track between 1861-78
How many Russians died? (CRIMEAN)
450K
When was WW1
1914-1918
When was WW2
1939-1945
When was the Cold war
1947-1964
When was the Russian civil war
1918-1921
When was the Russo-Turkish war
1877-1878
When was the Russo-Japanese war?
1904-05
When was the Crimean War?
1854-1856
When was there an assasination attempt to Lenin? and who did it?
1918- Kaplan, socialist advocate
How many Russians did the 1921 famine kill?
7M Russians
When was Stalin declared ‘undisputed leader’?
1929
State the target and output (in 1928) of iron ore in the first 5YP (1928-32)
Target= 15Mt Output= 6Mt
when was the 3rd 5YP?
1938-1941
State the target (in 1928) and output in (1940) for coal in the 3rd 5YP?
Target= 128Mt (1928) Output= 165.9 (1940)
By 1939 how many churches were active (Stalin)
1/4 churches active
Who was president of Secret court?
Marshal Voroshilov
How many war commisars were shot within 18 months as a result of the purges?
11
How many kulak families were affected by dekulakilisation?
1M
When was the Famine in Stalin’s reign?
1932-34
How many died in Stalin’s Famine
4.5M
when was the first harvest of the Virgin land scheme? (K)
1954
how many acres were cultivated by 1956 due to the VLS (K)
35.9M acres
when did minimum wage begin (k)
1956
what was the fertiliser productio target by Krushchev?
aimed for a 700% inc
When were the July Days?
3rd-5th 1917
What happened March 1917
dual authority with petrograd soviet, formed out of the progressive bloc
how many reforms did the 3rd Duma pass? (NII)
over 2000
In what period did primary schools double (NII)
1905-1914
When was Alexnder II’s reign?
1855-1881
When was Alexander III’s reign?
1881-1894
When was Nicholas II’s reign?
1894- March 1917 (abdicates)
How long did the Provisional Govt run for?
March 1917-Oct 1917
When was Lenin’s reign?
1917-1924
When was Stalin’s reign?
1924-1953
When was Khrushchev’s reign?
1953-1964
Who was Lavrov?
Intelligentsia, wanted end of serfdom
Who was Ulyanov?
Lenin’s brother, executed
Who was Martov?
Led the mensheviks, to educate the masses
Who was Bakunin?
radical intelligentsia, wanted anarchy
Who was Alexander Herzen?
moderate intelligentsia, edits journal ‘the Bell’, does not want to overthrow, imprisoned by AII
Who was Trotsky?
Menshevik to Bolsheviks
Controlled the Red army
formed a propaganda train
Who was Rodzianko?
member of duma
part of progressive bloc that formed the PG
Who was part of the Triumvirate against Stalin?
Kaminev, Zinioviev and Trotsky
Who was in the Anti-Party group against Khrushchev?
Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich in 1957
When was Khrushchev forced to resign?
1964- removed by politburo
When was the October manifesto?
17th October 1905
Who led the Octobrists?
Guchkov
Which group made the Vyborg Manifesto?
The Kadets
When did Land and Liberty split and what into?
Split in 1878 into the Peoples will and the Black Partition
when was the kronstadt rebellion?
1921
after how many days did NII disband the first duma?
42 days
when did minimum wage begin? (K)
1956
How many died in the famine 1932-34? (S)
4.5M
How long were serfs expected to pay redemption payments for? (AII)
49 Yrs
when was the emancipation act?
march 3rd 1861
give two examples of peasant rebellions
- kronstadt
- tambov
who was Plekhanov?
- leader of Black partition (peaceful)
- formed first marxist group
- joined the SD’s then the Mensheviks
what was the Doctor’s plot?
announced in Pravda, Stalin accused Jews of assassination attempts
Who was Kirov and when was he murdered?
- figurehead for dissatisfaction
- decree against terrorising act gave power to NKVD
- was not happy with speed of industrialisation
- murdered in 1934
in dekulakisation what reward was given for grain confiscated
25%
who did Khrushchev allow to return as ruler of Poland?
Gomulka
what was the Stakhonovite movement?
- began during the soviet second 5YP (1935)
- a title that conferred on workers who set production records
how many books were published in 1894? (AIII)
10,691
Why did the Kronstadt rebellion occur?
- caused by workers suffering, felt like enslavement
- called for an end to communist rule
Who was leader of the Okhrana?
Zubarov
Who was leader of the Cheka?
Dzerzhinsky
Who was leader of the Third Section?
Shuvalov
When was Beria arrested and shot?
June 1953
Who was asked to lead the Union of Russian Writers in 1932
Maxim Gorky
Who led the NKVD in the years 1934-38
Yagoda (‘34-‘36)
Yezhov (‘36-‘38)
what is serfdom?
legally bound to a landed estate in a feudal system
define the mir
village commune
define redemption payments
paid as compensation by peasants for 49 years following the Emancipation act
define Land Captains
noble overseers
define the ‘great spurt’
Witte’s industrial policies led to big changes
Define the gold standard
Fixing of the currency to a specific quantity of gold
Define the Peasant Land Bank
set up by the government to allow peasants to borrow money at relatively cheap rates to buy land
Define Stakhanovite
Named after Stakhanov who met his target in the 5YP
Define requisitioning
taking of grain by the state
define the kulaks
successful peasants
define Kolkhoz
a farm owned and partly organised by the state but peasant employers not directly employed by state
define zemstva
local council set up by AII in 1864
define zemgor
union of zemstva, responsible for medical supplies to army in WW1
define Orgburo
administrative body of communist party
define Rabkrin
workers + peasants inspectorate. highly bureaucratic
define Council of Ministers
senior politicians who drafted domestic policies. set up in 1905
define the Imperial Chancellory
3 sections
personal secretariat, legal advisors and third section (secret committee)
define Sovnarkom
ministers of communist party
peoples commissar with governmental responsibilities
define the All Russian Congress of Soviets
meeting of delegates from soviets to decide on policies
define the General Secretary
controlled expulsion from and acceptance into communist party
define the State Council
upper chamber of Duma, set up by the fundamental laws
define Justice of the Peace
landowners appointed to maintain law + order
worked in conjunction with the police
define Land Captains
set up by AII
to keep control over the countryside
Define the Progressive Bloc
group within 4th Duma, consists of Kadets, Octobrists and Nationalists who challenged NII.
Formed the PG
Define the Nomenklatura
group of officers + managers approved by the bolsheviks
define the Supreme Soviet
elected by the sovnarkom
power to make laws, kept power over the republic
define the Third Element
teachers, lawyers + doctors who dominated the zemstvo (local council)
define the Presidium
small group of ministers (communist)
