Key facts Monday Flashcards
What is the economic benefit of polio eradication
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative provides economic benefits of at least US$ 40–50 billion Duintjer Tebbens et al
What is the burden of invasive fungal disease compared to other ‘big diseases’
At least as many, if not more, people die from the top10invasive fungal diseases than from tuberculosis or malaria à invasive fungal disease is rare but has high mortality - Brown et al
How serious is the burden of pneumonia in children
Pneumonia kills more children than any other illness in the world
WHO- GAPP (Global Action for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia)
What are GAPP’s specific goals?
· Reduce mortality by 65% by 2015 compared to 2000 levels in U5s
· Reduce incidence of sever pneumonia by 25% compared to 2000 in U5s
· 90% coverage of each relevant vaccine (80% overage in every district)
· 90% access to appropriate case management
· 90% overage of exclusive breast feeding during first 6 months of life
How many people have TB worldwide
TB remains public health problem worldwide – estimated 1/3 global population infected with TB
· in part due to latent TB infection (LTBI) which serves as a global reservoir of potential disease - Sridhar et al
How many people are being missed by the current UK TB screening policy?
Current national policy would fail to detect 71% of individuals with LTBI - Pareek et al - found results using IGRA
How many TB cases are incorrectly diagnosed?
nearly 50% of all TB cases are diagnosed incorrectly - Kaufmann
What was the difference in age distribution of deaths between seasonal influenza and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic
80% of the respiratory and cardiovascular deaths were in people younger than 65 years, although the age distribution varied by region. These findings are in contrast to those for seasonal influenza deaths. Roughly 80–90% of these arise in people aged 65 years and older in countries where age-stratified estimates are available - Dawood
Which age is at most risk of malaria?
Where malaria transmission is moderate or high, the risk period for death from malaria is highest in infants and young children who are in the process of developing acquired immunity - Thera
Summary of economic effects of endemic malaria
Countries in which a large proportion of the population lived in regions with Plasmodium falciparum malaria experienced an average growth in per-capita GDP of 0.4% per year, whereas average growth in other countries was 2.3% per year
5 fold difference in GDP per capita - Sachs
What is a potentially great target for a malaria vaccine but problems with uptake?
antigens expressed exclusively on parasite sexual stages developing within the mosquito vector are minimally polymorphic; very attractive target for vaccine development; might not be taken up as wouldn’t prevent disease in people - Riley
How many poor people are affected by malaria?
58% of malaria deaths occur in poorest 20% of the world’s population - Barat
How does the cost effectiveness of various malaria interventions compare?
Intermittent preventive treatment were most cost-effective
Inconclusive as to whether ITN or IRS more cost effective
ACT more cost effective than other malaria drugs
-White
Evidence for WASH for trachoma prevention?
Cumberland 2008 and Khandekar 2006 show that WASH interventions added to MDA have significant impact
What was the dam causing schistosomiasis and how
Diama dam in Richard-Toll in Senegal is an example of a dam cutting out salt-water and thus bringing in schisto - Talla et al
