Key events 1815 - 1871

Question 1

Principles of the European New Order

Answer 1

Restoration (to situation of 1792/pentarchy), legitimacy (justify dynasty claims of the monarchy) and solidarity (anti-revolutionary)

Question 2

French outcome of the congress

Answer 2

1) Retained its territorial possession of 1792
2) Checked by a “circle of medium-sized states”: Norway, Sweden, Sardinia-Piedmont
3) Forced uphold Charte constituionnelle

Question 3

British outcome of the congress

Answer 3

1) Main victor and gained Malta. Ceylon, Cape Colony and Heligoland

Question 4

British outcome of the congress

Answer 4

1) Obtained Congress Poland (had its own constitution)

Question 5

Austrian outcome of the congress

Answer 5

1) Gave up Habsburg Netherlands (Belgium( and Hither Austria for additions in Galacia, Upper Italy and Dalmatia
2) Exercised primary political control over Italy
3) Claimed leadership of the German confederation but growing alienation

Question 6

Prussian outcome of the congress

Answer 6

1) Gained Rhenish province and Westphalia

2) Assumed watch on Rhine against France

Question 7

Swiss outcome of the congress

Answer 7

1) Guaranteed eternal neutrality

Question 8

The reorganization of Germany

Answer 8

1) Strong central sovereignty opposed by the princes despite attempts at the restoration of the Empire although secularization did occur
2) Act of Confederation: “To preserve the internal and external security of Germany and the independence and inviolability of the German states.”
3) The German Confederation (1815-66) had 39 members and did have the Bundestag which could be expanded in the Assembly of the Confederation although it was not a representative assembly and only bound governments, not their subjects
4) Humboldt’s plan to uniform and regulate the economy of the Confederation were dropped

Question 9

The Holy Alliance

Answer 9

1) Tsar Alexander led the organization of a defensive, religious alliance including the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia which justified foreign intervention under their god-given responsibility
2) Rejected by the Pope, the Sultan and the British`

Question 10

Principles of Liberalism

Answer 10

1) Freedom of the individual (basic human rights: freedom of press, equality before the law)
2) A constitutional state
3) Participation of the politically emancipated through elections and parliament
4) A free economy

Question 11

1834 German Customs Union

Answer 11

Led by Prussia, it became the first step towards political unification and industrialization

Question 12

Prelude to 1848 revolution in Germany

Answer 12

1840 - French demands for territory in the Rhine evoked German nationalism and storms of protest
1840-61 - Frederick William IV of Prussia created national symbols e.g. Cologne Cathedral and the Thousand year anniversary although he refused to granted a constitution
1847 - Convocation of the united province assemblies (consultative representation of the estates)

Question 13

Restoration of the Bourbons

Answer 13

1) Louis XVIII rules over France until 1824 (with exception of 100 days) and pursues centrist policies under a constitutionalist monarchy
2) Succeeded by Charles X who is very conservative and ultra-monarchist. Control of the press, dissolution of the national guard and deputies, his compensation to emigres angered the opposition leading to eventual rebellion and his abdication

Question 14

1830 July revolution

Answer 14

1) Spontaneous uprising stemming from weeks of opposition bangquets and dinner campaigns
2) July Monarchy/ House of Orleans put in charge and Louis-Phillippe is made the Constitutional Monarch or King of the French
3) Resulted in the golden age of the propertied bourgeois and the beginning of capitalism and industrialization

Question 15

1832 June Rebellion

Answer 15

An anti-monarchist, socialist, populist, insurrection of Parisian republicans on 5 and 6 June 1832 that attempted to reverse establishment of the July monarchy

Question 16

1848 February Revolution

Answer 16

1) Preceded by the banning of banquets and parliament by the French Prime Minister Guizot
2) Ended the July Monarchy and began the Second Republic which was eventually headed by Napoleon III

Question 17

1832 Establishment of Young Italy

Answer 17

Afeter a wave of revolutions spread to Modena, Parma and Romagana, Guiseppe Mazzini formed a secret society to bring about Italian national unification.

Question 18

1851 Coup d’etat

Answer 18

1) Dissolution of the chamber and arrests of deputies. A plebiscite approves the new constitution (10 yr presidency, senate, legislature can only approve of reject - not initiate or amend, control of national guard and press)
1852 Dec Empire of Napoleon

Question 19

1848 Italian Revolution

Answer 19

1) Patriotic movement encouraged by the liberal Pope Pius IX
2) Uprisings in Palermo, Milan and Venice.
3) Naples, Sardinia, Tuscany and the Papal state receive constitutions
4) Failure of the Guerra Santa 1848-49
5) Entrance of French troops into Rome 1849

Question 20

1848 March Revolution

Answer 20

1) The German princes largely gave in to the demands of the radicals and established liberal ministries as well as abolishing censorship
2) Student uprisings in Vienna and violent confrontations on the barricades of Berlin
3) Frederick William IV promised to form a national assembly to debate unification and to draft a constitution
4) Frankfurt national assembly began working on basic rights but was opposed by the radicals over the Armistice of Malmo in September
5) The assembly became split over those favouring a Great Germany and a Small Germany
6) Frederick William IV rejected Emperorship and the Assembly was dissolved leading to uprisings although these were quickly defeated

Question 21

German National Unification after 1848

Answer 21

1849 Alliance of the 3 Kings of Prussia, Saxony and Hanover
1850 Middle states of Bavaria and Saxony convinced to oppose the policy of union and the German Confederation was restored under Austrian leadership
1864 Ger-Dan War
1866 Ital-Austria War with Prussian backing leading to the dissolution of the German Confederation and Prussia annexing nearby states
1870 Franco-Prus war which facilitated national enthusiasm
1871 Foundation of the 2nd German Reich with William I as emperor

Question 22

Franco-Prussian War

Answer 22

1) French aspirations for prestige and fear of Prussia Germany helped cause the war
2) France lost Asace-Lorraine

Question 23

Italian National Unification after 1848

Answer 23

1) Camilon Count Benso di Cavour was prime minister of Sardinia Piedmont and pursued very liberal policies
2) He aimed for the gradual unification and moderate liberalization of the other regions of Italy
3) 1859 - Able to gain aid from Napoleon to fight against Austria although resulted in an armistice. Austria retained Venetia but France gained Lombardy which was eventually exchanged for Nice and Savoy. Cavour resigned in protest.
4) 1860 - Garibaldi led the Campaign of the 1000 through Italy but resigned his dictatorial position
5) 1866 - Offensive military alliance against Austria with Prussia. Italy gained Venetia
6) Italian nationalist forces unable to obtain Rome until French troops withdrew in 1864 but not claimed successfully until 1870 in which Rome became the capital state