Key Developmental theorists. Flashcards
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY - SIGMUND FREUD
ID - biological component of personality
○ E.g: Instincts
○ Works unconsciously
○ operates according to the pleasure principal
EGO
○ Operates is conscious and preconscious mind
○ Make your decisions
○ Works according to reality principal
SUPEREGO
○ Exist across all three conscious levels
○ Where morals are formed
○ Concerned about what is acceptable
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY - ERIK ERIKISON
- Believes development is characterised by a series of stage-related conflicts between two perspectives.
- Development is reversible - each stage can be revisited multiple times
- Comprises 8 stages - crisis involved at each
JEAN PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s theory argues we have to conquer 4 stages of cognitive development. Only once we have gone through all the stages, we can reach full human intelligence.
Sensori - Motor Stage (0-2)
- involves experiencing the world through the senses
- realizing object permanence
- forming curiosity
- perceiving the world egocentrically.
Preoperational Stage (2-7)
- thinking transitions from intuitive to symbolic,
- learn that words, images, and gestures represent other things,
- exhibit egocentric tendencies, believing others see the world as they do.
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11) knowledge discovery
Formal Operational Stage (12+)
- development of rational thinking about abstract concepts
- formation of personal identity and morality
- open-minded perspective on the world.
LEV VYGOTSKY - Theory of Social Development
community and language play a central part in learning. believed that children develop independently of specific stages as a result of social interactions.
Zone of proximal development
- Out of reach
- Zones of proximal development (learns through scaffolding)
- Current understanding (can work unassisted)
Prilleltensky & Nelson Wellbeing Model
(critical wellbeing model)
acknowledges the many influences that determine the wellbeing of students and teachers.
individual:
○ What’s going on for that person (self-concept)
Relational:
○ Relationships we have, connections (parents)
Collective:
○ The wider structures, the wider community
Ecological Model
·People are influenced by the microsystem, individuals who directly impact a person’s immediate environment.
· Mesosystem - relationships between a person’s microsystems (families, friends)
· Ecosystem - Settings that indirectly influence a person
·macrosystem consists of the values, and beliefs, that influence other systems.
Information Processing Model
Sensory Register - first interact with information in your environment (temporary)
Short Term Memory (working memory) - limited capacity, rehearsal can keep memory in STM
Long-Term Memory - recall, recognition, elaboration
Cognitive Load Theory
Intrinsic - complexity of material prior knowledge
Extraneous - lots of information at once delivered at once poorly
Germane - The effort needed to process information effectively into long term memory
Retrieval Practice
Active recall is the practice of retrieving information from memory,
Neurology of written and oral language
The brain is naturally wired for oral language (speaking, listening, understanding), not for written language; reading and writing require repurposing brain regions originally designed for other functions.
Freud Defence MECHANISMS
Mechanism is the brains way of keeping us safe of unpleasant thoughts and feelings
- Repression
- Denial
- Acting out
Pavlov
Classical conditioning involves learning behaviours involuntarily by associating an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned response.
Watson
Behaviourism is how observable behaviours and the environment shape people’s behaviour, which is learned through conditioning.
Skinner
operant conditioning focuses on consequences of behaviour through positive and negative reinforcement
Bandura
Social Learning Theory highlights cognitive processes, observational learning, and modelling as key factors in human learning.
