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key definitions Flashcards

1
Q

individual differences

A

aspects of ourselves we vary on compared to others

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2
Q

factor analysis

A

psychopathological perspectives resulting from newly derived stat techniques

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3
Q

Galton’s lexical hypothesis

A

measures difference (intelligence in people)

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4
Q

Spearman (factor analysis)

A

scores of diff tests correlated together indicating underlying factor

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5
Q

Galton (factor analysis)

A

used adj to understand person, factors= traits

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6
Q

Alport and odbert (FA)

A

categorised 1800 to 4800

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7
Q

catell (FA)

A

found 16 personality factors

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8
Q

nomothetic

A

similarities (inter-indv) predefined criteria/ attributes.

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9
Q

Eyesneck

A

structured personality to meaningful testifyable entity.

4 sections= intelligence, character, temperament, constitution

structure of personality = specific responses, habitual responses, traits organised, general types organised from traits

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10
Q

psychometrics

A

scientific measures of ID, psychological structures & intelligence

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11
Q

psychological construct

A

scientific definition of particular phenomenon evidenced in research

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12
Q

features of scientific questionnaire

A

internal consistency, test-retest, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity

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13
Q

Cranback’s alpha

A

looks at extent that all items correlate together and how reliable measure is

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14
Q

first principles (BPS)

A

underlying principles to inform

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15
Q

BPS ethics

A

respect, scientific integrity, social responsibility, maximising benefit & minimising harm, risk, valid consent, informing ppts, confidentiality, debriefing

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16
Q

SPE situational hypothesis

A

anyone can become evil depending on situation

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17
Q

SPE dispositional hypothesis

A

abuse & violence emerge from those with such disposition

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18
Q

SPE results

A

cancelled after 6 days. 3 phases= settling in, rebellion, tyranny
prisoners developed psychological/ psychopathological systems

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19
Q

lexical hypothesis

A

most socially relevant & salient characteristics = encoded in language

4 types personality = personality traits, temp states, physical characteristics, evaluate judgement of personal conduct & reputation

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20
Q

factor analysis

A

descriptors describing more nuanced aspects of personality & behaviour

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21
Q

Fiske BIG 5

A

extroversion
agreeableness
emotional stability
consciousness
culture

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22
Q

evolutionary hypothesis

A

traits universal as hold fitness & reproductive value

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23
Q

NEO-PI Costa & McCrae

A

neuroticism, extroversion & openness, personality inventory

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24
Q

FREUD parapaxes

A

slips of tongue providing windows on the mind

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25
FREUD subliminal perception
word recognition thresholds defence mechanisms
26
FREUD acknowledge
unconscious activity & energy, highlighted id, ego & superego & defence mechanisms
27
Bettelheim
freud inaccurately translated from a medical model intended to be personal not scientifically detached
28
Klein
continued Freuds approach. humans relate based on good or bad. Toys have meaning for children
29
Alder
disagreed with Freud's sexual motive emphasis. coined the term 'inferiority complex'
30
Jung
Frued's successor oedipus complex collective unconscious & archetypes ( balance across personality)
31
archetypes
persona (mask to deal with others) anima (fem side of male) the shadow (sinister stuff presented) the self (accepting oneself)
32
Horney
steamed from disturbed parent-child relationships
33
Franki
exploring our freedom to respond to situations
34
Shapiro
EMDR - rapid eye movement to help brain process memories and reduce traumatic memory symptoms
35
unconscious bias
make judgements on basis of prior experience without realising
36
implicit bias
attitudes outside our conscious awareness and control. Negative attitudes can counter persons beliefs unconsciously
37
vicarious reinforcement
observe others behav & its outcomes, model for ourselves
38
observational learning processes
attentional, retention, motor reproduction, motivational
39
self-efficacy
indiv belief in capacity to execute behaviours necessary to produce performance attainment
40
high self efficacy
believe can handle life events, confident in abilities, expect to overcome obstacles
41
low self efficacy
unable to control life, low confidence
42
TOPSE
tool to measure parenting self efficacy
43
entity view (fixed mindset)
ability = stable, uncontrollable trait of person which cant be changed
44
incremental view (growth mindset)
ability = unstable & controllable, can be changed through hard work
45
LOC
degree to which person believes they have control over outcome of events in their lives
46
external LOC
outcomes outside control - determines by fate
47
internal LOC
outcomes within control - determined by decisions & hard work
48
cognitive theories of personality
recognise active role by individual, in determining their own behaviour
49
Kelly's personal construct theory
individuals generate hypotheses about world. & act accordingly to their perceptions 11 corollaries how we develop & use personal constructs. dichotomy corollary experience corollary individual corollary
50
kellys repertory grid
used to compare people & themselves in relation to important characteristics
51
Walter- cognitive affective processing (CAPS)
are traits stable across situations/is behaviour determined by situations correlation between traits & behaviour = r=0.3
52
Walter - cog affective units (CAUs)
encoding strategies, goals, expectations, competencies, self-regulation, emotion
53
Sulloway's niche
siblings must compete for parental investment first borns more well-behaved, conscientious and extroverted later-borns more empathetic, unique and rebels
54
parenting styles Bamrind
authoritarian authoritative permissive neglectful
55
Hurer et al parents personality predicts styles
extraversion & agreeableness positively related to supportiveness emotional stability positively related to lower strict control extroverted, agreeable & less emotionally stable more likely to be authoritative parents
56
well-being
healthy equilibrium enabling optimum functioning in context of ones envt
57
Marlows hierarchy of needs
being motivated to express key aspects of ourselves to the best of our ability self actualisation - achieving full potential esteem needs- prestige & accomplishment belongingness & love - intimate relationships safety needs- security physiological - food & warmth
58
positive self worth = well-being
autonomy, aspiration, competence, emotional well being
59
MIND's 5-a-day
speak, exercise, notice moments, share, educate
60
EISAQ's
self assessment questionnaire
61
intelligence
predicts general learning ability & success in life
62
Thurstones "g" 7 primary mental abilities
associative memory, number, perceptual speed, reasoning, spatial visualisations, verbal comprehension, word fluency
63
Raven's progressive matrices
purest form of g requires induction of relations to and correlations to solve
64
Catell-horn
crystallised intelligence - acquired knowledge and skills fluid intelligence - ability to solve relational problems
65
caroll 3 stratum model
69 cog abilities broad factors arising from 1 general intelligence
66
Gardener multiple intelligences
linguistic logical-mathematical spatial musical bodily kinaesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal naturalistic existential
67
abstract reasoning
persons problem solving abilities, identifying patterns and logical systems
68
ecological niche
position of species in ecosystem describing range of conditions for persistence
69
ecological niche hypothesis
if same niche between 2 species one excludes the other
70
social intelligence
ability to read and react to social signals, monitor, understand and manage own emotions to fit into social contexts
71
social intelligence hypothesis
predicts advanced cog abilities evolving in species interacting with more complex social networks
72
delayed gratification
act of resisting impulse to take immediate reward in hopes of obtaining a more valued one in future
73
the flynn effect
IQs rise overtime
74
technological determinism
idea tech has important effects on our lives
75
Maslow & rodgers
emphasised active, free & creative aspects of human nature rationality & consciousness are central processes in human nature instinctoid tendencies - some needs take precedence over others
76
Rodgers self actualisation
envt with empathy, unconditional positive regard & congruence needed for growth
77
person centred approach
experience = important individual is best expert on themselves, not therapist therapy should help individual reconnect with true self & actualise
78
self determinism theory (SDT)
how social contexts & indv diff facilitate types of motivation 4 types basic needs cog evaluation organisms integration causality orientation
79
SDT types of motivation
intrinsic- completing activity for fun & pleasure (internal) extrinsic- completing for external force (for praise or to avoid punishment)
80
SDT 3 basic needs
autonomy competence relatedness
81
cognitive evaluation theory (CET)
helps explain influence of rewards on variability in intrinsic motivation 2 components of reward controlling information
82
casuality orientation theory indv diff in motivation orientations
autonomy controlled impersonal
83
salovey & mayer
ability to monitor & regulate ones own & other's feelings to guide thought and action 4 branches: perceiving facilitating understanding managing
84
how is EI measured?
cog measures the MSCEIT self report measures EQi TEIQue
85
Goleman
limbic system (fight or flight central to EI) extent to which we learn to control emotional responses 5 EI's identify ones own emotional states manage one' own emotional state emotion related to a drive for achievement assess & influence others' emotions sustain good interpersonal relationships
86
EI GOAL case study
getting on and living - improving skills, knowledge and confidence for young carers to live independently
87
EI in work
emotional awareness (strengths and weaknesses) customer service people skills motivation
88
psychometric measures
give someone a score on a dimensional or continuous scale
89
Eyesnck
developed PEN model of personality
90
Sulloway
based his theory of birth order on his siblings
91
brand et al
found neg parenting styles were related to low sleep quality in their children
92
boucher et al
found dysfunctional parent child relationships predicted BPD

individual differences (1 decks)

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