Key definitions

Question 1

orientalism

Answer 1

an imaginative geography that divides the world into 2 unequal parts: the civilized W and the larger, exotic and uncivilized other

Question 2

positivism

Answer 2

a concept where you’re confident that science, and knowledge will solve everything

Question 3

colonial feminism

Answer 3

how gender, race and colonialism intersect to shape the experiences of women in colonized societies

Question 4

Tanzimat reforms (1839)

Answer 4

set of reforms of the Ottoman Empire to slow its decline, characterized by modernization of State bureaucracy + new infrastructures and construction

Question 5

Types of informal economy

Answer 5

coping, combat, criminal

Question 6

Dutch Disease

Answer 6

eco phenomenon where the discovery and export of natural resources such as oil lead to negative impacts on other sectors of the eco, 2 main consequences:
1) oil sales lead to an increase of foreign exchange rate at the expense of local manufacturing
2) oil wealth increases demand for non-tradable goods which draws labor away from tradable good sector

Question 7

umma

Answer 7

community of believers, sense of belonging to a geographically broad and culturally diverse faith tradition

Question 8

Operation Harmattan

Answer 8

French-led NATO airstrikes on Libya

Question 9

de jure

Answer 9

according to the law

Question 10

de facto

Answer 10

in reality

Question 11

peshmerga

Answer 11

kurdish fighters, “those who face death”

Question 12

Kurdish in Syria

Answer 12

PYD > YPG and YPJ

Question 13

Kurdish in Turkey

Answer 13

PKK

Question 14

Kurdish in Iraq

Answer 14

KDP, PUK

Question 15

small wars

Answer 15

wars in Global S that are less important/don’t involve major powers, often unconventional

Question 16

peoplehood

Answer 16

bottom-up mobilizational capacity in physical spaces seeking to subvert and transform the hegemony of the state, democratic dynamic, people-driven, local and global reach

Question 17

realism

Answer 17

explain persistence of high levels of interstate mistrust and conflict + external penetration of region

Question 18

constructivism

Answer 18

role of Arab/Islamic id in explaining regional conflicts + threats

Question 19

securitization

Answer 19

using potential threat as an excuse for military enforcement

Question 20

proxy warfare

Answer 20

strategy where external actors use 3rd-party groups or states to carry out military operations on their behalf, providing support such as funding, weapons, and training. Allows sponsors to achieve their objectives indirectly, minimizing the risk of direct conflict and providing a degree of deniability

Question 21

pan-arabism

Answer 21

secular ideology that promotes unity between Arab peoples through a common language and history