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biology > key definitions > Flashcards

key definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

whats a pathogen?

A

-organism that causes disease

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2
Q

cell differentiation?

A

-process by which a cell becomes specialised for its job

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3
Q

how can stem cells be used? (2)

A

-to cure disease
-replace faulty cells

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4
Q

diffusion?

A

-net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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5
Q

osmosis?

A

-net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from region of high water concentration to region of low water concentration

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6
Q

active transport?

A

-movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy released during respiration

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7
Q

whats carbs made up of?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

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8
Q

whats proteins made up of?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-nitrogen
-oxygen

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9
Q

whats lipids made up of?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

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10
Q

what is a balanced diet?

A

-gives all the essential nutrient you need in the right proportions

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11
Q

calc energy of food in joules

A

mass of water x temp chance of water x 4.2

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12
Q

what does amylase convert?

A

-starch to maltose

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13
Q

what does maltase convert?

A

-maltose to glucose

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14
Q

what does proteases convert?

A

-proteins to amino acids

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15
Q

what does lipases convert?

A

lipids to glycerol and fatty acids

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16
Q

what does bile do?

A

-neutralises acids
-emulsifies fats

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17
Q

villi adaptations? (4)

A

-large SA for absorption
-each villi have microvilli (inc SA)
-single permeable layer of surface cells
-good blood supply (quick absorption)

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18
Q

word eq for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen

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19
Q

waxy cuticle?

A

-protective layer on leaf
-prevents water from evapourating

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20
Q

upper epidermis?

A

-thin and transparent to allow light to enter

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21
Q

palisade mesophyll?

A

-packed with chloroplasts for absorbing light

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22
Q

spongy mesophyll?

A

-air spaces increase the SA: volume ratio for diffusion

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23
Q

lower epidermis?

A

-contains guard cells and stomata

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24
Q

guard cells?

A

-absorb and lose H20 to open and close stomata

25
Q

stomata?

A

-gas exchange occurs
and evaporation of water

26
Q

why do plants need nitrates?

A

-making amino acids and proteins
-will turn yellow without

27
Q

why do plants need phosphates?

A

-making DNA
-needed for respiration and growth
-leaves turn purple

28
Q

why do plants need potassium?

A

-needed for photosynthesis
-discoloured leaves without

29
Q

why do plants need magnesium?

A

-required for making chlorophyll

30
Q

what do xylem tubes do?

A

-transport water and minerals

31
Q

what do phloem tubes do?

A

-transport sugars (sucrose and amino acids)
-known as translocation

32
Q

root hair cells?

A

-long hairs (big SA)
-mitocondria to release energy

33
Q

whats transpiration?

A

-loss of water from plant

34
Q

what happens during evaporation?

A

-creates shortage of water
-water drawn up through xylem vessels

35
Q

how does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

-more light=more transpiration
-when its dark, stomata close so water cant escape

36
Q

how does temperature affect transpiration?

A

-warmer=more transpiration
-water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of stomata

37
Q

how does wind speed affect transpiration?

A

-higher windspeed=more transpiration

38
Q

how does humidity affect transpiration?

A

-drier the air=more transpiration

39
Q

whats respiration?

A

-the process of transferring energy from glucose, happening constantly in every living cell

40
Q

what do plants exchange gases by?

A

-diffusion

41
Q

why are leaves broad?

A

-inc SA for diffusion

42
Q

why are leaves thin?

A

-so gases can travel short distance to reach cells

43
Q

why are there air spaces?

A

-C02 and 02 can diffuse in and out

44
Q

what happens when you breathe in?

A

-intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
-thorax volume inc
-decreases pressure, drawing air in

45
Q

what happens when you breathe out?

A

-intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
-thorax volume decreases
-air forced out

46
Q

how are alveoli specialised?

A

-large SA bcoz there are many alveoli
-moist lining for gases to dissolve in
-thin walls for quick diffusion distance
-good blood supply to maintain a high conc gradient
-permeable walls to gases can diffuse easily

47
Q

what does smoking do to alveoli?

A

-damages wall
-reduces SA for gas exchange
-tar damages cilia
-chest infections happen

48
Q

4 main components in blood?

A

-RBC
-WBC
-platelets
-plasma

49
Q

what is plasma?

A

-transports everything around body

50
Q

what are platelets?

A

-they clot to prevent blood loss
-held together by fibrin

51
Q

what do RBC do?

A

-transport 02
-contain haemoglobin which binds to 02

52
Q

what do phagocytes do?

A

-ingest pathogens

53
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

-produce antibodies

54
Q

what does vaccination involve?

A

-injecting dead pathogens into body
-carry antigens
-trigger an immune response
-lymphocytes produce antibodies

55
Q

what do arteries do?

A

-carry blood away from heart

56
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

-involved in exchange of materials at tissues

57
Q

what do veins do?

A

-carry blood to heart

58
Q

2 things the arteries have…

A

-elastic fibres for expansion
-thick walls to make them strong

59
Q

2 things the capillaries have?

A

-permeable walls to substances can diffuse in and out
-one cell thick walls to decrease diffusion distance

biology (12 decks)

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