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SUPERPOWERS > Key Definitions > Flashcards

Key Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

assets

A

items which have economic value and may generate income in the future

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2
Q

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

A

a group of ten Southeast Asian nations which was formed to encourage greater cooperation and economic growth between them

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3
Q

austerity

A

the policy of reducing government spending and debt

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4
Q

Australia, New Zealand, and United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)

A

a 1951 security agreement that binds Australia, New Zealand and the USA to co-operate on military matters in the Pacific and the beyond

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5
Q

bi-polar

A

two poles or centres

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6
Q

bi-polar world

A

where there are two main superpowers with opposing ideas and ideologies e.g. the USA and USSR during the Cold War

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7
Q

BRICs

A

the collective term for Brazil, Russia, India and China (and latterly South Africa) which were predicted to show rapid economic growth

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8
Q

colonialism

A

where an external nation takes direct control of a territory, often by force, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically

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9
Q

consumer goods

A

items that are bought by the people who use them, rather than bought in order to be turned into something else

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10
Q

culture

A

the ideas, beliefs, customs and social behaviour of a group or society

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11
Q

dependency theory

A

argues that developing countries remain dependent on wealthier nations, and that their reliance on developed economies is the cause of their poverty

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12
Q

economic restructuring

A

the shift in employment from the primary and secondary sectors into tertiary and quaternary

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13
Q

European Union (EU)

A

a political and economic association of 27 member states whose principle is that economic strength insures against poverty, and that adopts a policy of convergence to reduce inequalities between its richest and poorest members. It also extends influence into environmental and social concerns

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14
Q

foreign policy

A

the strategies that a government puts in place to deal with other countries

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15
Q

G8

A

a group of 8 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK and USA) which meets annually to discuss economic development

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16
Q

G20

A

an inter-governmental organisation which comprises 19 individual countries plus the EU. It brings together developed and developing countries to discuss key economic issues

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17
Q

geo-strategic location theory

A

a theory developed by Halford John Mackinder which argued that whoever controlled Europe and Asia (the world’s biggest landmass) would control the world

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18
Q

geopolitics

A

the influence of geography (both human and physical) on politics, especially international relations

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19
Q

global reach

A

the extent of the geographical distance that is influenced by a product or activity

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20
Q

hard power

A

the expression of a country’s will or influence through coercive measures, including economic sanctions and military force or threat

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21
Q

heartland

A

the area of land which Halford John Mackinder believed to be pivotal for controlling the world

22
Q

hegemon

A

a country or state that is dominant over others e.g could the United States lose out to another global hegemon, China?

23
Q

intellectual property rights

A

the right to protect a person or company’s artistic works or inventions, without them being copied by somebody else

24
Q

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

A

a group whose members represent over 120 countries which monitors publications and assembles evidence, enabling UN members to understand the risks created by climate change, and its impacts

25
Q

the International Court of Justice (ICJ)

A

the judicial branch of the UN, which settles disputes between UN member countries and advises on international law

26
Q

international governmental organisation (IGO)

A

an organisation involving several countries working together in issues of common interests

27
Q

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A

a global organisation whose primary role is to maintain international financial stability

28
Q

Islamist uprisings

A

acts of resistance and revolt, carried out by Islamic groups

29
Q

modernisation theory

A

a theory that believed that poverty was a trap; traditional family values in poorer countries held economies back; and that capitalism was the solution to poverty

30
Q

multi-power

A

several poles or centres

31
Q

multi-power world

A

where there are several powers and emerging powers competing for power and global influence

32
Q

nationalise

A

when a company is transferred from private ownership to ownership or control by the state

33
Q

neo-colonialism

A

describes how even though less-developed countries may no longer be directly ruled militarily, they are still controlled indirectly through economic, political and cultural means

34
Q

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A

a trade bloc consisting of the USA, Canada and Mexico

35
Q

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

A

an alliance which uses political consultation and military means to protect its 28 member states

36
Q

OECD

A

the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development - a global “think tank” for 35 of the world’s wealthiest nations which aims to promote policies to improve economic and social prosperity

37
Q

Paris Agreement

A

the first legally binding global climate deal, adopted by 195 countries at the UN’s Paris Climate Conference (COP21) in December 2015

38
Q

patent

A

the granting of the exclusive right of ownership and possession of intellectual property by a state to an inventor for a fixed period of time

39
Q

proxy war

A

a war instigated by a major power that is not always directly involved in the fighting

40
Q

soft power

A

the power that arises from a country’s political and economic influence, moral authority and cultural attractiveness

41
Q

sub-prime lending

A

the lending by banks to low-income earners with insecure jobs, who could never normally afford mortgages

42
Q

superpower

A

a country characterised by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale. Ability to be influential anywhere in the world

43
Q

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

A

an agreement which requires all WTO members to protect and enforce their intellectual property rights

44
Q

uni-polar

A

one pole or centre

45
Q

uni-polar world

A

one country dominates e.g. the USA currently or the British Empire during colonial times

45
Q

uni-polar world

A

one country dominates e.g. the USA currently or the British Empire during colonial times

46
Q

the UN Security Council

A

the part of the UN which is ultimately responsible for preventing conflict. It has 15 members at any one time, but the 5 permanent members - USA, UK, France, China and Russia - can veto any resolution

47
Q

vicious cycle

A

a cycle by which a situation continues to worsen or remain poor

48
Q

virtuous cycle

A

a cycle by which a situation continues to improve or remain beneficial

49
Q

Wallerstein’s world systems theory

A

a theory which claims that core regions drive the world economy and that peripheral areas (distant from the core and lacking capital) rely on core regions to exploit their raw materials. Therefore, unequal trade develops between them

50
Q

World Bank

A

a global organisation which uses bank deposits placed by the world’s wealthiest countries to provide loans for development in other countries

51
Q

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

A

a global organisation which looks at the rules for how countries trade with each other

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