Key definitions Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
The increase in the proportion of a population living in urban areas.
What is counter-urbanisation?
The process where people and employment migrate from major urban areas to more rural settlements - an increase in the proportion of a population living within rural areas, due to migration from urban to rural regions.
What is suburbanisation? (suburbs)
The outward spread (growth) of built-up areas, often at lower densities, causing them to engulf surrounding villages and countryside - people move from the urban centre to the edge of the urban area.
What is urban-resurgence? (re-urbanisation)
The movement of people and employment back to an area which was previously in decline (into city centres).
This influx of people and investment further improves the social, economic and environmental conditions of urban areas.
What is a mega city?
A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people.
What is a world city?
Cities which seem to have an important role in the global economic system and decisions.
What is deindustrialisation?
A reduction in industrial capacity, leading to social and economic change within a region - refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector.
What is decentralisation?
As the inner-city areas declined, new investment went to the edge of cities and businesses moved away from the city centre. (movement to suburbs)
What is urban form?
Relates to the physical characteristics that go towards making up an urban area. These include shape, size, density of population and configuration.
What are post modern western cities?
A PMWC is an urban form associated with changes in urban structure and architectural design, reflecting the changed social and economic conditions of the late 20th century in some western cities.
What is social segregation?
When groups of people live apart from the larger population due to factors like wealth, ethnicity, religion or age - unequal distribution of social groups.
What is the urban heat island effect?
UHI is an urban area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.
What is particulate pollution?
A mixture of solid and liquid droplets suspended in the air.
What are sustainable urban drainage systems?
SUDS are the way that builders and designers take away the water from an area (urban) to rivers quickly.
What is an ecological footprint?
The (impact of human activities measured in terms of) total area of productive land and water required to produce the resources a population consumes and absorb the waste produced (environmental impact).
What is the Built Environment?
The buildings and infrastructure within an urban area.
What is Capital?
Productive assets, goods or financial stakes.
What is the Central Business District (CBD)?
The centre of a city, containing a high density of businesses and TNC headquarters.
What is Cultural Enrichment?
The addition of ideas, traditions and beliefs due to the arrival of new people
What is Cultural Erosion?
The loss of a culture, resulting in a change in ideas or disregard for traditions.
What is Culture?
The way of life of a particular group of people at a particular time, generally customs and beliefs.
What is the Cycle of Deprivation?
A negative multiplier effect, where by deindustrialisation leads to economic loss, declining quality of life for locals and the loss of services which all lead to further deindustrialisation.
What is Culture-led Regeneration?
The focus of regeneration is to enhance historic or cultural attractions of an area such as opening stately homes and building a reputation based on famous
residents (Wordsworth country, Beatrix Potter in the Lake District, etc).
What is Degeneration?
The decline of a region over time, due to insufficient funds, outward migration and declining quality of life for residents.
What is Demographic?
The characteristics of a population.
What is Deprivation?
Individuals’ lack basic services or objects they would expect to have in the 21st Century.
What is Dereliction?
The loss of industry or productivity of a land, leaving it abandoned.
What is Diversity?
Variation within a population, in their characteristics, background and behaviour.
What is Environmental Regeneration?
The focus of regeneration is to restore and maintain natural environments such as woodlands, beaches and national parks.
What is Ethnicity?
The cultural background of a group of people, often based on religion or country of origin.
What are Gated Communities?
Urban neighbourhoods surrounded by gates often to improve privacy and safety. They can add to segregation within a community.
What is Gentrification?
Renovation of older/deteriorating buildings or areas with the aim of attracting high-income individuals or elite businesses to a place.
What is the Green Belt?
Strips of greenfield land surrounding major UK cities, protected to try to reduce urban sprawl and preserve natural environments and habitats.
What is Governance?
The management of a place or group of people.
What is Inequality?
Differences in income, well-being and wealth between individuals, communities and society.
What is Internal Migration?
The movement of people within a country.
What is International Migration?
The movement of people from one country to another.
What is Life Expectancy?
The average number of years an individual is likely to live, determined at birth.
What is Multicultural?
The existence, acceptance or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single geographic area.
What is Population Density?
The number of people per square kilometre.
What is Regional Disparity?
The economic (or cultural) gap between different parts of a country.
What is Reimaging?
Regeneration and rebranding specifically focussed on removing negative perceptions about a place.
What is Rural Decline?
Reduction in population in rural areas, leading to reduced services and government spending for that region.
What is Segregation?
The separation of a group from other groups this can be through force or voluntarily.
Segregation can often occur due to housing strategies or regeneration projects.
What is Spiral of Decline?
Stages of rural decline that contribute to a positive feedback loop, with more and more outward migration and increasingly declining services.
What is Social Clustering?
Groups of people with similar background frequently living together.
What is Social Exclusion?
The inability of a group of people to become involved in the cultural activities of a place.
What is Soft Regeneration?
Investing in the skills and education of the population to improve their own quality of life.
What is Hard Regeneration?
Construction of new buildings and infrastructure and investment within a region.
