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Russia, 1917-1991 > Key Dates > Flashcards

Key Dates Flashcards

1
Q

1917 (Seven things) - vital

A
  • February ~ The February revolution overthrows the Tsar
  • March ~ A Provisional Government is established the only truly democratic election
  • October ~ The October Revolution overthrows the Provisional Government
  • Lenin established the Sovnarkom
  • Decrees: The Decree on Land; Workers Decree (November), Peace Decree, Marriage Decrees Decree banned all on-socialist news papers, the land Decree took land away from the church
  • Vensenkha set up - Supreme Council of National Economy
  • Establishment of the Cheka and the Commissariat of Enlightenment
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2
Q

1918 (nine things) - vital

A
  • March ~ Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany to end the war
  • Lenin disbands the Constituent Assembly
  • Beginning of the Russian Civil War and high centralisation
  • Lenin introduces state capitalism and War Communism
  • Komsomol founded (youth group for 16-24)
  • Newspapers Pravda and Izvestiya are being used as vehicles for propaganda
  • The All-Russia Telegraph Agency (ROSTA), established and gave the state control of all news reporting
  • Orthodox Priests in Moscow were massacred in January - - Cheka have 40,000 members
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3
Q

1919 (two things) - one vital

A
  • Zhenotdel created, which was the women’s branch of the Communist government
  • The nomenklatura system is beginning to be established
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4
Q

1920 (three things)

A
  • Department of Agitation Propaganda (Agitprop) set up
  • 300 studios set up for the Proletkult, with a monthly magazine called Gorn (Furnace)
  • The Tambov uprising, peasants in the Tambov province were rebelling against war communism and took over 50,000 troops to put it down
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5
Q

1921 (seven things) - vital

A
  • End of the Russian Civil War
  • Opposition political parties banned - Russia becomes a one-party state
  • Lenin introduces the New Economic Policy (NEP)
  • March ~ 10th Party Congress bans factions
  • Kronstadt Mutiny - Sailors rebelled against war communism and had the slogan ‘Soviets without Bolsheviks’
  • Cheka now have grew over 5x as much since 1918 from 40,000 - 250,000 people
  • By 1921 programmes were being broadcast on the radio, this was very effective as 65% of the population were illiterate.
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6
Q

1922 (four things)

A
  • Glavlit, a new organisation, which oversaw, a more systematic censorship regime, introduced
  • Established the Soviet Union (USSR)
  • Stalin becomes General Secretary which allows him to have access to thousands of personal files, controlled the agenda of meetings, and appoint his friends
  • Moscow has an established broadcasting system
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7
Q

1923 (three things)

A
  • The Soviet economy experiences the ‘scissor crisis’
  • 1917-23 ~ the Red Terror, executions of up to 200,000 people
  • 1923-25 ~ the Lenin enrolment allowed Stalin to fill the party with people who were loyal to him, it brought in over 500,000 workers
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8
Q

1924 (four things) - vital

A
  • January ~ Lenin dies and the
  • The first Soviet Constitution which outlines the key government structure
  • 1924 industrial production was 45 % of its 1913 figures
  • Cement by Gladkov was a key example of social realism
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9
Q

1927 (one thing)

A

-Grain shortages

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10
Q

1928 (five things) - vital

A
  • 1924-28 ~ power struggle for the leader of the Soviet Union, with Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Tomsky and Rykov
  • Stalin emerges as the leader of Russia
  • Stalin introduces the first Five-Year-Plan (FYP) October 1928- December 1932
    and grain requisitioning begins - focus on rapid industrialisation
  • 1928-41 saw a 17% growth rate, a four-gold increase in steel and a six-fold increase in coal production.
  • Cultural Revolution launched
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11
Q

1929 (three things)

A
  • Stalin orders compulsory collectivisation of Soviet farms
  • 25 people living in Magnitogorsk, three years later that number has increased exponentially to 250,000
  • Collectivisation paused
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12
Q

1930 (four things)

A
  • Cattle went from 52 million on 1930 to 38 in 1933
  • Sheep and goats went from 108 million to 50 million in 1933
  • Grain went from 83 million to 68 million
  • The gulag system set up: system of labour camps expanded
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13
Q

1932 (six things)

A
  • Beginning of the Great Famine
  • Holodomor results in millions of deaths
  • Dnieper Dam started in 1927, completed in 1932
  • 1932-35 ~ The Chistka was a purge of party members, and was designed to remove local party officials. By 1935, 22% of the Party had been removed
  • Ryutin issued a document criticising Stalin
  • Stalin’s wife, Nadezhda, commits suicide
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14
Q

1933 (two things)

A
  • January 1933- December 1937 second Five Year Plan

- White Sea Canal project 1931-1933

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15
Q

1934 (three things) vital

A
  • Cheka had evolved to become the NKVD
  • 1 December ~ Kirov is murdered in Leningrad
  • Yagoda appointed head of NKVD
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16
Q

1935 (two things)

A
  • The Great Terror begins with a purge of the Leningrad Communist Party
  • Zinoviev and Kamenev sentenced to long term imprisonment
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17
Q

1936 (six things)

A
  • Stalin removes high-profile opponents in the first Moscow Show Trials
  • August ~ The Trial of the Sixteen, involved members of the left such as Zinoviev and Kamenev
  • Yezhov becomes head of the secret police.
  • The Great Terror intensifies, also known as the ‘Yezhovshchina’ the Great Terror claimed the lives of around 1 million which was 1% of the population
  • Stalins terror destroyed Islamic groups such as Sufi groups in Turkestan were destroyed by 1936
  • Second Soviet Constitution, claiming everyone had freedom and the right to vote
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18
Q

1937 (two things)

A
  • Trial of the Seventeen, was a purge of party officials such as Karl Radek and Gregory Pyatakov, accused of working for Trotsky
  • 1937-1938 ~ there was a purge of the Red Army, ⅗ marshals were purged and 14/16 army commanders and 35,000 officers shot or imprisoned.
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19
Q

1938 (one thing)

A

-January 1938- June 1941 Third Five Year Plan

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20
Q

1939 (things) - vital

A
  • World War Two starts in the west
  • 16/71 Central Committee members still alive
  • Trial of the Twenty-one, this was a purge of the right, such as Bukharin and Rykov (Tomsky had committed suicide prior to the trial)
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21
Q

1940 (one thing)

A

-Trotsky assassinated in Mexico with an icepick by a KGB member

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22
Q

1941 (two things)

A

-German invasion leads to the Soviet entry into the -Second World War
Cult ~ Stalin known as ‘generalissimo’ and ‘Vozhd’

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23
Q

1943 (one thing)

A

-Between 1943 to 1945 over 73,000 tanks and 94,000 aircraft were made

24
Q

1945 (three things) - vital

A
  • World War Two ends
  • 25 million people homeless over 1,700 towns and 70,000 villages destroyed
  • 1945-53 ~ high Stalinism
25
Q

1946 (one thing)

A
  • January 1946- December 1950 fourth Five Year Plan - focus on economic reconstruction
26
Q

1947 (one thing)

A

-Vaccines for common diseases such as typhus and malaria made universally available

27
Q

1951 ( things)

A
  • The Mingrelian Affair, was one of the last purges of the Party by Stalin, purge of Party in Georgia, removing Beria’s ally
  • January 1951 - December 1955 fifth Five Year Plan
28
Q

1953 (four things) - vital

A
  • Evidence of Stalin planning his last purge, the ‘Doctors plot’ targeted at Jews
  • Stalin dies and Khrushchev becomes General Secretary
  • Khrushchev launches the Virgin Lands Scheme
  • 1953-1960~ 2 million political prisoners released
29
Q

1954 (one thing)

A

KGB established

30
Q

1955 (one thing)

A

Abortion legalised

31
Q

1956 (two things) - vital

A
  • Khrushchev’s ‘Secret Speech’ - beginning of widespread de-Stalinisation which included more meeting with the presidium, less violence, fear and terror
  • Khrushchev starts dismantling the Gulag
32
Q

1957 (four things)

A
  • Greater freedom of expression is permitted following the World Festival Youth and Students
  • Khrushchev’s cultural ‘thaw’ begins
  • Attempted coup to remove Khrushchev by the Anti-Party group, led by Malenkov and Molotov
  • Khrushchev setup 105 Regional Economic Councils
33
Q

1958 (one thing)

A
  • March ~ Khrushchev becomes Prime Minister as well as General Secretary
34
Q

1959 (two things) -vital

A
  • 1959-65 ~ Seven-Year Plan: focus on chemicals and light industry and consumer goods
  • The Alcoholic and (1959) the Lazy Bureaucrat (1961)
35
Q

1962 (three things)

A
  • Cuban missile crisis
  • Khrushchev divided the party into industry and agriculture
  • The Liberman Plan, encourage initiative
36
Q

1964 (two things)

A
  • Khrushchev was removed from office. Brezhnev begins to reverse Khrushchev reforms
  • Until 1964 there was only one Soviet radio station, under Brezhnev this expanded to three
37
Q

1965 (one thing)

A
  • Kosygin’s economic reforms
38
Q

1966 (two things)

A
  • New criminal code tightens laws on political dissidents

- Sinvasky-Daniel trial

39
Q

1967 (two things)

A
  • Andropov promoted to head of the KGB

- Growth of dissident activity

40
Q

1971 (one thing)

A

Ninth Five Year Plan 1971-1975, focus on consumer goods

41
Q

1973 (one thing)

A

Major industrial complexes were joined with scientific research institutions in an attempt to ensure that the latest technology was applied to production

42
Q

1975 (two things)

A
  • Brezhnev becomes increasingly ill and unable to govern effectively
  • 1970s ~ by the end of the 1970s around 70,000 people had received a warning from the secret police for ‘dissident’ action
43
Q

1976 (one thing)

A

26% of investment was in agriculture and private plots made up 1% of cultivated areas but was producing 25% of all produce.

44
Q

1977 (one thing)

A

Article 6 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution declares the Communist Party as the guiding force of the country

45
Q

1980 (two things)

A
  • 1953-1980~ Party membership grew from 6.9 million to 17 million
  • 85% of families had televisions and 70% had washing machines
46
Q

1982 (three things)

A
  • Brezhnev dies; Andropov initiates reforms and tackles corruption
  • Andropov’s labour laws
  • Andropov launches clampdown on dissident activity and suppression of arts
47
Q

1983 (one thing)

A

Pravada had a circulation of 10.7 million, other paper Trud (Labour) had a print run of 13.5 million

48
Q

1984 (one thing)

A

Andropov dies and is replaced by Chernenko before reforms take place

49
Q

1985 (one thing)

A

Gorbachev introduce uskorenie - initial economic reforms

50
Q

1986 (three things)

A
  • The Twenty-Seventh Party Congress sets out a new programme for the communist party, Gorbachev attacks Brezhnev as era as years of stagnation
  • April ~ Chernobyl nuclear accident
  • Twelfth Five-Year Plan is launched
51
Q

1987 (three things)

A
  • Gorbachev initiates reforms intended to introduce market forces into the Soviet economy and political reforms to build support for greater economic change
  • Law on State Enterprises
  • Yeltsin attacks Gorbachev’s reforms at a Plenum of the Central Committee, Yeltsin dismissed as First Secretary in Moscow
52
Q

1988 (five things)

A

-January ~ Legalisation of co-operatives
-February ~ Yeltsin removed from the Politburo, Nina Adreeva’s letter published, leading to a conservative backlash against Gorbachev
- June ~ Nineteenth Party Conference: principle of multi-candidate elections agreed
- October ~ Popular Fronts formed in the Baltic republics
- November ~ America announces its control over Nagorno-Karabakh
1989

53
Q

1989 (six things)

A
  • Communism fall across Eastern Europe
  • March ~ Elections to Congress of People’s Deputies
  • April ~ Demonstrations in Tbilisi, Georgia
  • May ~ Gorbachev elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
  • October ~ 500 Days Programme calls for rapid transition to market economy
  • November ~ Fall of the Berlin wall
54
Q

1990 (five things)

A
  • March ~ article 6 repealed: way opened for new political parties to be established
  • March ~ Lithuania proclaims independence from the USSR
  • July ~ Yeltsin resigns from the Communist Party
  • Gorbachev appointed President of the Soviet Union
  • Perestroika: Gorbachev begins to abandon fundamental aspects of the system such as single-party rule and command economy
55
Q

1991 (seven things)

A

-April ~ Georgia declares independence
- June ~ Yeltsin becomes president of Russia
- August ~ Coup to overthrow Gorbachev by conservatives in an attempt to seize power
- Soviet Union recognises independence in the Baltic Sea
Yeltsin suspends the Communist Party in Russia and rejects Gorbachev’s new union treaty
- Gorbachev resigns as president
- December ~The Soviet Union ceases to exist

Russia, 1917-1991 (2 decks)

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