Key Concepts In Biology Flashcards
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst, they increase the rates of a chemical reaction without being used up.
Why are enzymes needed for digestion?
Enzymes are needed in digestion to break down to smaller soluble molecules which can be absorbed.
How do enzymes work, using the lock and key method?
Enzymes have an active site where the reaction occurs. The substrate enters the active site and forms an enzyme substrate complex. Eventually, the substrate will leave the active site, releasing the products of the reaction. The enzyme and substrate are complementary to each other, and every enzyme is unique to their reaction. Enzymes also do not change once they are used.
What are the three types of digestive enzymes?
Amylase
Lipase
Protease
Amylase: what does it do, where does it work, and where is it made?
What it does: Breaks down starch into glucose.
Where it works: Mouth and small intestine.
Where it’s made: Salivary glands and pancreas.
Protease: what does it do, where does it work, where is it made?
What does it do: Breaks down protein into amino acids.
Where does it work: Works in the stomach and small intestine.
Where is it made: Made in the pancreas.
Lipase: what does it do, where does it work, where is it made?
What does it do: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Where does it work: Works in the small intestine.
Where is it made: Made in the pancreas.
What affects enzyme-controlled reactions?
Ph and temperature.
What can an increase in temperature or ph do to an enzyme?
The active site can denature. When the substrate no longer fits in the active site, it slows down the rate of reaction.
How does temperature affect the rate of enzyme controlled reactions?
As the temperature increases, enzymes and substrates are gaining kinetic energy so are more likely to collide and form enzyme substrate complex, which increases rate of reaction. If the temperature is too high, the active would denature.
How does pH affect the rate of enzyme controlled reactions?
If the pH is too acidic or too alkali, the active site will denature. However, if it reaches the optimum pH , the reaction would be at the fastest rate of reaction.
What is the food test for starch?
You use iodine solution. If it turns blue black then starch is present.
What is the food test for glucose?
Benedict’s solution. You heat up Benedict’s solution it is originally blue and if glucose is present it will turn orange if little is present, and red if a lot is present.
What is the food test for lipids?
Ethanol solution. If it forms a cloudy emulsion, lipids are present.
What is the food test for proteins?
Biuret solution, will turn from blue to violet/purple.
What is a cell?
A cell is the smallest unit of life where chemical reactions take place.
What is respiration?
Respiration is a chemical reaction which releases energy.
What is the question for anaerobic respiration (in humans)?
Glucose —> lactic acid
What are some differences between anaerobic and aerobic?
AEROBIC:
- requires the full breakdown of oxygen
- happens in the mitochondria
ANAEROBIC:
- does not require the full breakdown of oxygen to still be able to release energy.
- occurs in the cytoplasm
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in fungi and plants?
Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen + glucose —> carbon dioxide + water
What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
6O2 + C6H12O6 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O
