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Biology > Key concepts in Biology > Flashcards

Key concepts in Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic definition

A

Cells with a nucleus

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2
Q

Prokaryotic definition

A

Cells without a nucleus

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3
Q

Name all the parts of a plant cell

A

Cytoplasm, Chloroplast, Cell wall, Mitochondria, Cell membrane, Ribosomes, Vacuole, Nucleus

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4
Q

Name all the parts of an animal cell

A

Nucleus, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Cell (surface) membrane

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5
Q

Name all the parts of a bacterial cell

A

Chromosomal DNA, Ribosomes, Cell Membrane, Plasmid DNA, Flagellum

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6
Q

Specialised cells definition

A

Specialised cells are cells designed to carry out a particular role in the body

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7
Q

Which has a higher resolution light microscopes or electron microscopes

A

Electron microscopes

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8
Q

How do you prepare a microscope slide to look at a specimen e.g. with an onion cell
(there are 4 steps)

A

1.Take a thin slice of onion
2.Get a clean slide and use a pipette to put a drop of water on it,
3.Use tweezers to put specimen on the slide
4.Carefully lower a cover slip onto specimen and press on it gently to remove air bubbles

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9
Q

what is the equation for magnification

A

magnification=image size divided by real size
(both measurements should use the same units)
triangle = image size on top and magnification multiplied by real size on the bottom

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10
Q

What is the definition of an enzyme

A

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts - this means they speed up reactions without being used up.

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11
Q

What are the substrate and the active site

A

the substrate is the molecule joining the enzyme
The active site is where the substrate joins

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12
Q

What is special about an active sites shape
What happens if the substrate doesn’t match the active site

A

Enzymes only work with one substrate and the active site is shaped specifically for only that substrate. If a substrate doesn’t match the active site then the reaction won’t be catalysed.

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13
Q

What’s another name for the method of the substrate joining the active site

A

The lock and key method

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14
Q

What measurements does Please Never Move Millepedes stand for. And what do you do going from left to right and right to left

A

Picometres, Nanometers, Micrometers, Millimeters.
Left to right is divide by 1000 right to left is times by 1000

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15
Q

Does a bacterial cell have a nucleus?

A

No

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16
Q

What magnification do electron and light microscopes have?

A

electron = x2,000,000
Light = x1500

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17
Q

Organelle defenition

A

A specialized compartment inside a cell e.g. chloroplast

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18
Q

Resolution definition

A

smallest distance between two points that can be seen as two separate points

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19
Q

How many chromosomes does an egg cell and a sperm cell have

A

23 each

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20
Q

total magnification equation

A

total magnification = magnification on eyepiece lens x objective lens

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21
Q

fertilization definition

A

When the sperm fuses with the egg cell

22
Q

Haploid and diploid cell definitions

A

Haploid is one set of 23 chromosomes and diploid is 2 sets

23
Q

What are Cilia

A

Tiny hair like structures on the surface of the cell which contain strands of s substance that can contract and cause wavy movement.

24
Q

Inside the small intestine there are many tiny little folds on the surface of it that are called microvilli what are they for?

A

These help us absorb our nutrients from the small intestine much quicker.

25
Q

For protein, starch and lipid state the enzyme that breaks them down and what they are broken down into.

A

Protein - protease - amino acids
Starch - amylase - glucose
Lipid - lipase - fatty acids

26
Q

What is an enzymes optimum ph definition?

A

The optimum pH and temperature are the BEST pH or temperature the enzymes work at. It gives the best rate of reaction

27
Q

rate of reaction definition

A

rate = 1 divided by time

28
Q

What is active transport?

A

Its where molecules are moved against their concentration gradient from a low to a high concentration. This requires extra energy that is provided by the mitochondria in cells.

29
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Osmosis is a type of diffusion that ONLY involves water. The water moves from a higher concentration of water to a lower concentration of water through a partially permeable membrane

30
Q

What are the 6 stages involved in mitosis and which are the 4 that are actually mitosis?

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

31
Q

What happens in Interphase

A

This is where the DNA
replicates and more organelles are made

32
Q

What happens in Prophase

A

The nucleus starts to break
down. The spindle fibres are made.

33
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

The spindle fibers line the
chromosomes up across
the middle of the cell
(equator)

34
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

The spindle fibres contract
(shorten) to pull each
set of chromosomes to
each end (pole) of the
cell.

35
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

The nucleus
starts to
reform again
around each
new set of
chromosomes

36
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis?

A

The nucleus
starts to
reform again
around each
new set of
chromosomes

37
Q

Does meiosis or mitosis create body cells and which other one creates sex cells

A

Mitosis creates body cells
Meiosis creates sex cells

38
Q

What is differentiation?

A

During growth in animals cells also specialise to gain a specific function. The process of how these cells specialise is called differentiation.

39
Q

Stem cells definition

A

Cells that divide repeatedly to make many copies of themselves that can differentiate

40
Q

What are the 5 stages of growth to get to a baby?

A

Fertilization, Zygote, Embryo, Foetus, Baby

41
Q

Why does a red blood cell not have a nucleus and why is the shape of it dipped

A

To make room for carrying lots of oxygen, and it increases the surface area for gas exchange

42
Q

What is the nervous system made up of

A

The brain and spinal cord

43
Q

What is the name of this process? The message travels along each neurone as an electrical impulse, between two neurones there is a gap called a synapse, where a chemical called a neurotransmitter is released.

A

The reflex arc

44
Q

What is the order of the neurons in terms of which is first and then last

A

Sensory, Relay, Motor (Science Really Matters)

45
Q

What are the reasons for root hair cells having a large surface area?

A

So they can absorb as much water and minerals as they can from the soil

46
Q

What is the stimulus, receptor cell, sense organ and response in the reflex arc

A

Stimulus=pain
Receptor cell=pain receptor
Sense organ= skin
Response = pulling hand away by your muscle contracting

47
Q

What’s the definition of a stem cell

A

Cells that divide repeatedly to make many copies of themselves that can differentiate are called stem cells

48
Q

What are Meristem cells

A

Meristems are regions of unspecialised cells in plants that are capable of cell division

49
Q

What are xylem cells functions?

A

They transport water and nutrients

50
Q

What are the letters of the two base pairings in DNA

A

AandT always join together and GandC always join together

51
Q

Gene definition

A

A gene is a short section of DNA

52
Q

What bonds hold the DNA letter base pairs together

A

Hydrogen bonds

Biology (1 decks)

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