Key Concepts Flashcards
Estimating Distances
- if you observe the period of the star, you can look up the (absolute) luminosity in the chart
- you know the brightness decreases with the square of the distance
- therefore, since you know the absolute luminosity and you measure the apparent luminosity it yields the distance to the star
Static universe
- Newton: infinite universe; I’m changing; created by God at the beginning of creation; the universe was made of stars of uniformly distributed
- I’m stein: find it, static universe… But problem call me equations from GR showed a dynamic universe
Cepheid variable stars
There luminosity varies overtime – the brightest star in the laundry. – Relationship between. An illuminati and 16 of the stars (that were all part of the same cluster, and hence same distance from earth) – helps to explain distance
Steady state universe – 1940s
- Fred Hoyle, an atheist, disliked be a religious flavour of the Big Bang
– Universe was homogenous, unchanging in space and time
“The two cultures”
- Written by CP snow, A British scientist and novelist
– Saw a great divide between the sciences in the humanities
– Chart that many scientists struggled to read novels – brought up Shakespeare, etc. for dinner parties and was horrified at the general lacking response - and many humanists didn’t know any science and openly to stained it as an inferior branch of knowledge
Deffusion Model
- Science produced by experts yields knowledge diffused to general audience your general audience learn science
– In fact, audiences not passive; knowledge is reinterpreted, redefine (social Darwinism, vaccines)
– Sometimes science project it all together and the authority of science questioned
The grand tour (mid-17th- 18th to early 19th century)
– A long trip to Europe in which young men of upper-class families visited cultural sites (a cultural right of passage into adult hood)
– Cabinets of curiosities
Institute of the sciences, Bologna
– 18th century wax models in Bologna
– The blending of arts and science
– Anna Morandi Manzolini would make anatomically correct wax figure organs as well as people
The great exhibition (of the works and industry of all nations – 1851)
– Different countries open their amazing inventions/Proto types
– Run contest to see who would end up here
– Chicago 1893, big, electrical displays, cities competed with each other to get the commissions to host
The greenhouse effect
– Greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane CH4 for, nitrous oxide and N2O, etc.
– Trap heat in the atmosphere (absorb and emit infrared radiation)
- gasses in atmosphere -> heating
The Kyoto Protocol (1997)
An international agreement linked to the United Nations framework convention on climate change, which commits it’s parties by settling intentionally binding omissions reduction targets
Global warming - the controversy
Anthropogenic or natural?
(Caused by people or natural)
The age of the earth
– Traditionally biblical (4004 BC)
– But the nature in origins of fossils – really rocks or organic
Stratigraphy
Studying Strada lines – mining was taking off minerals tied to rocks
Catastrophism
Extinction due to a catastrophic event
Uniformitarianism
Slow, gradual change – only observable changes allowed – required on a enormous timeline
The Darwinian revolution
– Before Darwin natural theology
– There what is evolution before Darwin: in the 18th century increasing emphasis on the reason: rejection of religion
Natural theology
Wise and intelligent designer
Performatism and epigenesis
Performatism: organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves
Epigenesis: The idea that in some sense the form of living thing comes into existence
Darwin: pangenesis; little bit of small stuff exist on your body which is carried onto the next generation
Modern synthesis
Darwins theory of evolution timer natural selection + Mendelian genetics = modern synthesis
DNA
Linus Pauling created the three helix model with Francis Crick and James Watson
Human genome consists of 3 billion base pairs located in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus
Theory electrodynamics
Equations for the electric magnetic field
James clerk Maxwell
Calculate speed of waves and it was identical to speed of light
Photography
Allowed for new information in cosmology 20th and 21st century
Spectroscopy
Takes wavelength colours and refracts them
19th century telescopes
High quality glass
Large number of observatories built in the US
Static universe
Static poem stationary or infinite
New understanding of gravity static or dynamic that handle again compared light from for nebula to closer
The red shift
Further away galaxies are faster moving – Hubbles law
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
English political theorist and philosopher
Survival of the fittest
- viewed charity as potential problem encourage the unfit to procreate
- struggle good for capitalism
