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key concepts Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their structural features and functions.

A

prokaryotic cell =No Nucleus, smaller and simple, eukaryotes are made of eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells =complex cells that contain a nucleus, Bigger and more complex. Prokaryotes are made of prokaryotic cells.

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2
Q

What is the structure of the Animal cell and what does each thing do?

A

Animal cell:
The animal cell contains:

  • Nucleus-where the DNA of a cell is stored
  • Cell membrane- it’s what allows things to enter and leave the cell
  • Mitochondria- in charge of respiration(creates energy for the cell)
  • Ribosomes- synthesize proteins/translate genetic material
  • cytoplasm- a gel-like substance where the majority of the reactions happen
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3
Q

What is the structure of a plant cell and what does each thing do?

A

Plant cell

The plant cell contains:

  • Nucleus-where the DNA of a cell is stored and contols the cell
  • Cell membrane- it’s what allows things to enter and leave the cell
  • Mitochondria- in charge of respiration(creates energy for the cell)
  • Ribosomes- synthesize proteins/translate genetic material
  • cytoplasm- a gel-like substance where the majority of the reactions happen
  • Cell wall- Extra protection and strength for the cell
  • Chloroplast- where photosynthesis takes place, providing food for the plant.
  • Large vacuole: contains cell sap(sugars/salt) and stores both organic as well as inorganic molecules along with water to support the organelles.
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4
Q

What is the structure of the bacteria cell and what does each thing do?

A

Bacteria cell:

Bacteria cells contain:

  • Flagellum- a tail for cells to move.
  • Chromosomal DNA
  • Plasmid loops- extra loops of DNA
  • Cell membrane- controls what enters and leaves the cell
  • Ribosomes- synthesize proteins/translate genetic material
  • cytoplasm- a gel-like substance where the majority of the reactions happen.
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5
Q

What are specialised cells and how do they become specialised?

A

Specialized cell:

  • they have certain characteristics
  • Cells that go through differentiation to gain specific characteristics
  • many multicellular organisms contain specialized cell
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6
Q

what is the structure of the egg cell and what do they do?

A
  • Haploid Nucleus 23 chromosomes
  • Cell membrane= specialized for when sperm enters the cell the structure changed for no more sperm cells to enter
  • Cytoplasm- contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the embryo.
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7
Q

What is the structer of the sperm cell and what do they do?

A
  • acrosome- contains enzyme inside it so it can penetrate the Egg cell.
  • Haploid nucleus 23 chromosomes= to transport male DNA into the female egg
  • Big mitochondria- to produce enough energy to swim long-length
  • Tail- to swim and move
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8
Q

What is the cilliated epethilial cell?

A

A specialized cell that can move substances along the surface.

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9
Q

Why do we use a microscope?

A

Microscope lets us magnify and view cells clearly and bigger.

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10
Q

What parts does a microscope have?

A
  • Eyepiece lens
  • course adjustment knob
  • fine adjustment knob
  • light
  • stage
  • stage clips
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11
Q

Three features of an Electron microscope

A
  • high resolution
  • made in 1930
  • can’t see living cells
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12
Q

Three features of a light microscope

A
  • made 1590
  • can see living cells but only outline
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13
Q

How do we view a specimen with a microscope practical?

A
  • The specimen has to have light go through it so it should be thin
  • drop a drop of water in the middle of the stage to ensure it’s secure
  • use a stain (iodine) to make the specimen clearer
    • adda cover slip
  • use the course adjustment knob to go up and down
  • use the fine adjustment knob to adjust the focus until the specimen is clearly in view.
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14
Q

How do we calculate the magnification?

A
  • objective lens x eye piece lens= magnification

or if you dont have the lense number

  • image size/ real size = magnification
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15
Q

What are Enzymes and why do produce them?

A

biological catalyst

  • Enzymes are proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies. Enzymes are essential for digestion
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16
Q

What mechanisms do enzymes have?

A

Enzymes have lock and key mechanisms and are very specific

17
Q

2 things enzymes can do?

A

Enzymes can either:

break down molecules
or
synthisis molecules (join them together)

18
Q

What is the active site?

A

the part of an enzyme to which substrates bind and where a reaction is catalyzed

19
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substrate is a molecule that an enzyme reacts with.

20
Q
A

**Temperature*

The reaction won’t happen because it’s not hot enough or The active site will change because it’s too hot and will break the bonds.
-substrate concentration
higher substrate concentration means a faster reaction. if too much too much to cope then there will be no point in making more as all the active sites are taken up.
PH

  • if too high or too low it could affect the bonds of enzymes holding it together. can’t be too alkaline because the higher the pH the enzyme will denature
21
Q

How do you investigate the effect of PH on Enzyme activity? (practical)

A

-Add iodine solution in spotting tile wells.

-set up a water bath at 35°C for temperature control.

-Mix amylase and buffer solution in a boiling tube, then dip it in the water bath for 5 minutes.
-Add starch solution to the boiling tube and immediately start the stopwatch.

-Continuously sample the contents of the boiling tube every 10 seconds using a dropping pipette, and place a drop into a well until the starch is no longer present (indicated by a browny orange color change).

-Repeat the experiment with buffer solutions of different pH values to observe the effect on the time taken for starch breakdown.

-Ensure consistency by controlling variables such as the concentration and volume of the amylase solution for each trial.

22
Q

How do you calculate the rate of reaction?

A

Rate = 1000/time

23
Q

Why do we need enzymes to break down food molecules?

A

many of the molecules in the food we eat are too big to pass through the walls of our digestive system, so digestive enzymes break them down into smaller soluble molecules. these can pass easily through the walls of the digestive system, allowing them to be absorbed into the bloodstream. they can then be passed into our cells

24
Q

what are Large biological molecules?

A

Proteins, lipids, and some carbohydrates are big molecules.

25
Q

How are carbohydrates broken down?

A
  • Enzymes called carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into simple sugars

starch —————carbohydrase———>maltrose and other sugars,eg. dextrins
starch is a carbohydrate

26
Q

How are proteins broken down?

A
  • Proteases convert proteins into amino acid

proteins————proteins enzyme—>Amino acid

27
Q

How are lipids broken down?

A

-Lipases convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acid

lipids—————lipase enzyme——>glycerol and fatty acid

28
Q

Why do enzymes join molecules?

A
  • organisms need to be able to synthesize carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids from their smaller components and join them up. enzymes are needed
  • carbohydrates can be synthesized by joining together simple sugars
  • proteins are made by joining amino acids
29
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • diffusion is just the gradual movement of particles from places where there are lots of them to places where there are fewer of them.
  • it’s the natural tendency for stuff to spread out
30
Q

Where does diffusion happen and why?

A

diffusion happens in both liquids and gass.-that’s because the particles in these substances are free to move randomly

31
Q

What types of molecules can diffuse through a membrane?

A
  • only very small molecules can diffuse through cell membranes. things like glucose, amino acids water, and oxygen.
  • Big molecules like starch and proteins can not fit through the membrane
32
Q

What is osmosis?

A

osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

33
Q

what is a partially permiable membrane?

A

a partially permeable membrane is a barrier with just one with very small holes in it. so small, in fact only tiny molecules (like water) can pass through them and bigger molecules( eg. sucrose) can not

biology paper1 (5 decks)

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