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Biology > Key Concepts > Flashcards

Key Concepts Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic

A
  • complex cells
  • include all animal and plant cells
  • make eukaryotes
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2
Q

Prokaryotic

A
  • small and simple
  • make a prokaryote (single cell organism) from one prokaryotic cells
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3
Q

Nucleus

A
  • plants and animals
  • contains genetic material which controls the activities of the cell
  • genetic material is arranged in chromosomes
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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • plant and animal
  • gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen
  • contains enzymes which control the chemical reactions
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5
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • plant and animal cells
  • holds the cell together
  • controls what goes in and out of the cell
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6
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • plant and animal cells
  • where most of the reactions for respiration take place
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7
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • plant and animal cells
  • involved in the translation of genetic material in the synthesis of protiens
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8
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • plant cells
  • made from cellulose
  • supports and strengthens the cell
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9
Q

Vacuole

A
  • plant cells
  • contains cell sap (weak solution of sugar and salts)
  • maintains the internal pressure of the cell for support
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10
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • plant cells
  • where photosynthesis occurs
  • contain chlorophyll
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11
Q

Chromosomal DNA

A
  • bacterial cells
  • one long circular chromosome
  • controls cell activities and replication
  • floats free in cytoplasm
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12
Q

Plasmid DNA

A
  • bacterial cell
  • small loops of extra DNA
  • are not a part of the chromosome
  • contain genes for drug resistance
  • can be passed between bacteria
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13
Q

Flagellum

A
  • bacterial cells
  • long, hair-like structure which allows the cell to move
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14
Q

Specialised Cells

A
  • cells which are adapted to a specific function
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15
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

The nucleus of an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a fertilised egg which develops into an embryo

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16
Q

Egg Cell Adaptions

A
  • haploid cell to ensure a diploid cell at fertilisation
  • carries female DNA
  • nourish the developing embryo (contains nutrients in the cytoplasm)
  • membrane changes structure after fertilisation to prevent anymore sperm entering
17
Q

Sperm Cell Adaptations

A
  • haploid to ensure diploid cell at fertilisation
  • contains male DNA
  • transportation of male DNA to female egg
  • long tail for movement
  • mitochondria in middle section for energy for swimming
  • acrosome which stores enzymes to digest membrane of egg cell
18
Q

Ciliated Epithelial Cell Adaptations

A
  • line the surface of organs
  • to move substances in one direction along the surface of the tissue
19
Q

Microscopes

A
  • use lenses to magnify images
  • can increase resolution of an image
20
Q

Resolution

A

how well a microscope distinguishes between two points that are close together

21
Q

Light Microscopes

A
  • passing light through a specimen
  • can see nuclei and chloroplasts
  • allow the study of living cells
22
Q

Electron Microscopes

A
  • use electrons not light
  • higher magnification and resolution
  • can see smaller images
  • cannot be used to view living cells
23
Q

Making a Specimen

A
  1. Thin slice of a specimen using a scapel
  2. Clean slide with a drop of water in the middle
  3. Place specimen on slide with tweezers
  4. Add a drop of stain to specimen (methylene blue for DNA)
  5. Place cover slip slowly over specimen
24
Q

Using a Microscope

A
  1. Clip slide onto the stage
  2. Select the lowest objective lens
  3. Use coarse adjustment knob to move the stage
  4. Adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob until there is a clear image
25
Q

Total Magnification =

A

Eyepiece lens magnification * Objective lens magnification

26
Q

Magnification =

A

Image Size/ Actual Size

27
Q

Enzymes

A
  • biological catalyst
  • increase the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up
28
Q

Enzyme Reactions, Lock and Key

A
  • The substrate fits in the active site
  • Enzyme catalyses reaction
  • Product is formed
29
Q

Enzymes, Rate of Reaction

A
  • Temperature:
    > high temperatures increase rate at first
    > when it is too hot, bonds holding the enzyme together break, denaturing
    > all enzymes have an optimum temperature
  • pH:
    > too high or too low will cause interference with bonds and denaturing
    > all enzymes have an optimum pH
  • Concentration:
    > the higher the concentration of substrate/ enzyme, faster reaction
    > limiting factor

Biology (9 decks)

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