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Key Chemistry Word Associations Part 1 Boards > Key Chemistry Word Associations > Flashcards

Key Chemistry Word Associations Flashcards

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1
Q

Process in which there is a loss of hydrogen electrons

A

Oxidation

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2
Q

Process in which there is a gain of hydrogen electrons

A

Reduction

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3
Q

Replacement of hydrogen by a carboxyl group (-COOH)

A

Carboxylation

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4
Q

Substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Enzyme

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5
Q

Inactive precursor protein with an additional peptide attached

A

Pro-enzyme

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6
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a carboxyl group

A

Carboxylase

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7
Q

Removal of the carboxyl group (-COOH)

A

Decarboxylation

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8
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the release of CO2 from compounds

A

Decarboxylase

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9
Q

Reaction that combines H2O with a salt to produce acid and base

A

Hydrolysis

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10
Q

Enzyme that causes hydrolysis

A

Hydrolase

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11
Q

Movement of a phosphate (PO4) form one molecule to another

A

Phosphorylation

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12
Q

Enzyme which adds a phosphate to an organic compound

A

Phosphorylase

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13
Q

Enzyme that removes a phosphate form an organic compound

A

Phosphatase

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14
Q

Enzyme that adds a high-energy phosphate to an organic compound

A

Kinase

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15
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of one group to another

A

Transferase

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16
Q

Enzyme that makes an isomer (same chemical composition)

A

Isomerase

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17
Q

Molecule with the same composition but different chemical structure

A

Isomer

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18
Q

Isomerase enzyme which changes the configuration of a molecule

A

Mutase

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19
Q

Number of factors that affect enzyme activity

A

3

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20
Q

Temperature, pH and concentration of the substrate

A

Affects enzyme activity

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21
Q

Maximum velocity of a reaction

A

Vmax

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22
Q

Michaelis-Martern constant

A

Kmax

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23
Q

The amount of substrate required to reach 1/2 of the Vmax

A

Kmax

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24
Q

A substance which slows down the rate of an enzyme reaction

A

Inhibitor

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25
Q

Competition and allosterism

A

Enzymatic regulation

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26
Q

Actively competes with substrate for the active site

A

Competition

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27
Q

Change in activity by acting on a site other than the active site

A

Allosterism

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28
Q

Chemical bond between two amino acids

A

Peptide bond

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29
Q

Chemical bond between the base bases found in DNA

A

Hydrogen bond

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30
Q

Chemical bond between glycerol and fatty acids

A

Ester bond

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31
Q

Chemical bond between two sugars

A

Glycosidic bind

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32
Q

Chemical bond between nucleotides

A

Phosphodiester

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33
Q

Site of all pathways except the Krebs cycle and 1st half of the urea cycle

A

Cytosol

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34
Q

Site of the Krebs cycle and 1st half of the urea cycle

A

Mitochondria

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35
Q

Constituents of starch

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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36
Q

Long, unbranched chains of glucose linked at C1 and C4 (a1,4 link)

A

Amylose

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37
Q

Fewer branches of glucose with a1,4 and 1,6 linked branches

A

Amylopectin

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38
Q

Comprised of glucose and fructose; found in table sugar and fruit

A

Sucrose

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39
Q

Contains galactose linked glucose; found in milk; B1,4 link

A

Lactose

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40
Q

Form in which glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver

A

Glycogen

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41
Q

Aldopentose (5 Carbon) sugar

A

Ribose

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42
Q

Ketohexose (6 Carbon) sugar

A

Fructose

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43
Q

Crucial step that controls how fast or slow the pathway goes

A

Rate limiting step

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44
Q

The most important rate limiting step in glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase

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45
Q

Steps in glycolysis at which ATP is used

A

Steps 1 and 3

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46
Q

Steps in ATP in which ATP is produced

A

Steps 7 and 10

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47
Q

Step in glycolysis at which NADH is produced

A

Step 6

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48
Q

Number of pyruvate molecules produced from one glucose in glycolysis

A

2

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49
Q

Main fate of pyruvate

A

Converted to Acetyl CoA

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50
Q

Alternate fates of pyruvate

A

Lactate and Alanine

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51
Q

Number of carbon molecules in pyruvate

A

3

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52
Q

Number of carbon molecules in acetoacetate

A

2

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53
Q

Making glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, fatty and amino acids

A

Gluconeogenesis

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54
Q

Irreversible steps in glycolysis that are replaced in gluconeogenesis

A

Steps 1, 3 and 10

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55
Q

Location of gluconeogenesis

A

Mitochondria and cytoplasm

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56
Q

Lactate is converted to pyruvate which is covered to glucose

A

Sequence of events

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57
Q

Vitamin deficiency which results in excess lactic acid production

A

Biotin deficiency

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58
Q

Rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis

A

F1,6 Bisphosphatase

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59
Q

Hormone which inhibits gluconeogenesis

A

Insulin

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60
Q

Location of Krebs cycle

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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61
Q

Steps in the Krebs cycle at which NADH is produced

A

Steps 3 + 4 = 7

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62
Q

Type of enzyme which facilitates the production of NADH

A

Dehydrogenase

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63
Q

Destination of the energy harvested from the Krebs cycle

A

Electron Transport Chain

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64
Q

Number of ATPs generated from 1 NADH

A

3 ATP

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65
Q

Number of ATPs generated from 1 FADH2

A

2 ATP

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66
Q

Number of NADH, FADH2 and GTP generated by one Krebs cycle

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 GTP

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67
Q

Number of Krebs cycles to completely break down 1 glucose

A

2

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68
Q

Number of ATP produced from breakdown of one glucose in glycolysis

A

4 ATP

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69
Q

Number of NADH produced from one glucose in glycolysis

A

2 NADH

70
Q

Net ATP gain from one glucose in glycolysis

A

2 ATP

71
Q

Number of NADH produced by converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

1

72
Q

Total ATP generated by the breakdown of one molecule of glucose

A

38 ATP

73
Q

Alternate fuel types for the Krebs cycle

A

Proteins and fat

74
Q

Succinyl CoA, Oxaloacetate, Fumerate, Alpha-ketoglutarate (SOFA)

A

Sites at which proteins enter

75
Q

a-ketoglutarate and Succinyl CoA

A

Sites at which fats can enter

76
Q

Location of Electron Transport Chain

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

77
Q

Role of Electron Transport Chain

A

Transfer electrons to O2

78
Q

Compound which has both reduced and oxidized form of a molecule

A

Redox pair

79
Q

NAD (oxidized) and NADH (reduced)

A

Redox pair example

80
Q

Drop-off point for NADH in the Electron Transport Chain

A

Complex 1

81
Q

Drop-off point for FADH2 in the Electron Transport Chain

A

Complex 2

82
Q

Alternate name for CoQ10

A

Ubiquinone

83
Q

Heme containing compounds that receive electrons from CoQH2

A

Cytochromes

84
Q

ETC complexes involving cytochromes

A

Complex 3 and 4

85
Q

ETC complex involving phosphorylation

A

Complex 5

86
Q

Other metal which is important to the ETC

A

Copper

87
Q

Cycle used to prevent lactic acidosis (lactic acid buildup)

A

Cori Cycle

88
Q

Purpose of the Hexose MonoPhosphate shunt (HMP)

A

Produces NADPH and ribose

89
Q

Location of the pentose phosphate pathway (aka HMP shunt)

A

Cytosol

90
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway

A

G63P dehydrogenase

91
Q

Site of glycogen metabolism

A

Cytosol

92
Q

Starter or primer molecule for glycogen synthesis

A

Glycogenin

93
Q

Compound containing a 5-carbon and 6-carbon sugar in glyocogenesis

A

Uridine DiPhospho-Glucose

94
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme used to lengthen the glycogen chain

A

Glycogen Synthase

95
Q

Type of chemical bonds between glucose molecules: a1,4 and a1,6 links

A

Glycosidic bond

96
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis, activated by ATP

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

97
Q

Sites for glycogenolysis

A

Heart, liver and muscle

98
Q

Name of enzyme that changes G1P to G6P

A

Phosphoglucomutase

99
Q

Group consisting of Carbon with Oxygen and a hydroxyl attached

A

Carboxyl group

100
Q

One with no double bond between the carbon atoms (C-C)

A

Saturated fatty acid

101
Q

One with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

102
Q

Linoleic acid (vegetable oil omega-6) and linolenic acid (fish oil omega-3)

A

Essential fatty acids

103
Q

Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA - 18:1 (9))

A

Linoleic acid

104
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid - 18:2(9,12)

A

Oleic acid

105
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid - 20:4(5,8,11,14)

A

Arachidonic Acid

106
Q

Location of lipolysis

A

Mitochondria

107
Q

Site of lipogenesis

A

Cytosol

108
Q

Rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis and target for statins

A

HMG CoA reductase

109
Q

Starting point for steroid hormone synthesis

A

Cholesterol

110
Q

Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met (His and Arg during pregnancy) Leu and Lys

A

Essential amino acids

111
Q

Asn, Gly, Glu, Cys, Ala, Pro, Ser, Tyr, Asp and Gln

A

Non-essential amino acids

112
Q

Proline (Pro)

A

Cyclic amino acid

113
Q

Phenylalanine (Phe), Tyrosine (Tyr) and Tryptophan (Trp)

A

Aromatic amino acids

114
Q

Histidine (His), Arginine (Arg) and Lysine (Lys)

A

Basic amino acids

115
Q

Asparagine (Asn), Aspartate (Asp), Glutamine (Gln) and Glutamate (Glu)

A

Acid amino acids

116
Q

Cysteine (Cys), Methionine (Met), Serine (Ser) and Threonine (The)

A

Sulfur-containing amino acids

117
Q

Alanine (Ala), Glycine (Gly), Isoleucine (Ile), Leucine (Leu), Valine (Val)

A

Aliphatic amino acids

118
Q

Removal of the amine NH2 group

A

Deamination

119
Q

Source of nitrogen for the urea cycle

A

Glutamate and alanine

120
Q

Substrates for urea formation

A

NH3 and CO2

121
Q

Location of the urea cycle

A

Mitochondria then cytosol

122
Q

Rate-Limiting enzyme in the urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl PO4 synthase

123
Q

Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS pentose (5-carbon) sugar

A

Nucleoside

124
Q

Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS pentose sugar AND phosphate

A

Nucleotide

125
Q

Adenine and Guanine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides

A

Purine bases

126
Q

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides

A

Pyrimidine bases

127
Q

Adenine & Thymine; Cytosine & Guanine; Adenine & Uracil

A

Base pairs

128
Q

Nucleoside formed by combining uracil and d-Ribose

A

Uridine

129
Q

Enzyme which converts xanthine into uric acid

A

Xanthine oxidase

130
Q

Process by which RNA template for protein synthesis is made from DNA

A

Transcription

131
Q

Process by which RNA codon begins to make a protein

A

Translation

132
Q

Arginine is made from which amino acid

A

Glutamine

133
Q

Glutamine, arginine and proline are all made from which amino acid

A

Glutamate

134
Q

Glutamate is made from which amino acid

A

alpha ketoglutarate

135
Q

Asparagine is made from which amino acid

A

Aspartate

136
Q

Aspartate is derived from which amino acid

A

Oxaloacetate transamination

137
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E and K

138
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

B and C

139
Q

Anti-oxidants

A

Vitamins A, C, E and selenium

140
Q

Used to make rhodopsin, helps in the differentiation of epithelial tissue

A

Vitamin A

141
Q

Used in carboxylation of glutamate residue in making clotting factors

A

Vitamin K

142
Q

Powerful antioxidant which mops free radical; lipid antioxidant

A

Vitamin E

143
Q

Cofactor in pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

144
Q

Precursor for FMN, FAD, and FADH2 in the ETC and Redox reactions

A

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

145
Q

Precursor for NAD and NADP in the ETC

A

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

146
Q

Precursor for removal of CO2 (decarboxylase) in the Krebs cycle

A

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

147
Q

Acyl carrier as part of Coenzyme A; Pantene Pro V (V=Five)

A

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

148
Q

Cofactor for several transaminase reactions

A

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin)

149
Q

Used in carboxylation reactions

A

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

150
Q

Used in reactions involving malonyl and methylmalonyl CoA

A

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

151
Q

Used in the transfer of 1-Carbon units and make methionine and purines

A

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

152
Q

Cofactor for methionine and succinyl CoA manufacture

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

153
Q

Cofactor in hydroxylation in the synthesis of collagen

A

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

154
Q

Necessary in the ETC and found in prunes

A

Copper

155
Q

Cofactor of carbonic anhydrase found in seafood, meat and whole grain

A

Zinc

156
Q

Forms complexes wit ATP and found abundantly in nuts

A

Magnesium

157
Q

Helps with glucose transport into cells and found in oysters

A

Chromium

158
Q

Necessary for the transport of oxygen and energy formation

A

Iron

159
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin C

A

Scurvy

160
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin A

A

Night Blindness (nyctalopia)

161
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B1

A

Beri Beri

162
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B3

A

Pellagra

163
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B12

A

Pernicious anemia

164
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin D

A

Rickets and osteomalacia

165
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

A

Macrocytic anemia

166
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

A

Lactic acidosis

167
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin E

A

Hemolytic anemia

168
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin K

A

Prolonged bleeding

169
Q

Deficiency of iron

A

Microcytic/hypochromic anemia

170
Q

Deficiency in calcium

A

Tetany

171
Q

True vegans need to supplement

A

Calcium and Vitamin B12

Key Chemistry Word Associations Part 1 Boards (1 decks)

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