Key Chemistry Word Associations Flashcards
Process in which there is a loss of hydrogen electrons
Oxidation
Process in which there is a gain of hydrogen electrons
Reduction
Replacement of hydrogen by a carboxyl group (-COOH)
Carboxylation
Substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Enzyme
Inactive precursor protein with an additional peptide attached
Pro-enzyme
Enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a carboxyl group
Carboxylase
Removal of the carboxyl group (-COOH)
Decarboxylation
An enzyme that catalyzes the release of CO2 from compounds
Decarboxylase
Reaction that combines H2O with a salt to produce acid and base
Hydrolysis
Enzyme that causes hydrolysis
Hydrolase
Movement of a phosphate (PO4) form one molecule to another
Phosphorylation
Enzyme which adds a phosphate to an organic compound
Phosphorylase
Enzyme that removes a phosphate form an organic compound
Phosphatase
Enzyme that adds a high-energy phosphate to an organic compound
Kinase
Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of one group to another
Transferase
Enzyme that makes an isomer (same chemical composition)
Isomerase
Molecule with the same composition but different chemical structure
Isomer
Isomerase enzyme which changes the configuration of a molecule
Mutase
Number of factors that affect enzyme activity
3
Temperature, pH and concentration of the substrate
Affects enzyme activity
Maximum velocity of a reaction
Vmax
Michaelis-Martern constant
Kmax
The amount of substrate required to reach 1/2 of the Vmax
Kmax
A substance which slows down the rate of an enzyme reaction
Inhibitor
Competition and allosterism
Enzymatic regulation
Actively competes with substrate for the active site
Competition
Change in activity by acting on a site other than the active site
Allosterism
Chemical bond between two amino acids
Peptide bond
Chemical bond between the base bases found in DNA
Hydrogen bond
Chemical bond between glycerol and fatty acids
Ester bond
Chemical bond between two sugars
Glycosidic bind
Chemical bond between nucleotides
Phosphodiester
Site of all pathways except the Krebs cycle and 1st half of the urea cycle
Cytosol
Site of the Krebs cycle and 1st half of the urea cycle
Mitochondria
Constituents of starch
Amylose and Amylopectin
Long, unbranched chains of glucose linked at C1 and C4 (a1,4 link)
Amylose
Fewer branches of glucose with a1,4 and 1,6 linked branches
Amylopectin
Comprised of glucose and fructose; found in table sugar and fruit
Sucrose
Contains galactose linked glucose; found in milk; B1,4 link
Lactose
Form in which glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver
Glycogen
Aldopentose (5 Carbon) sugar
Ribose
Ketohexose (6 Carbon) sugar
Fructose
Crucial step that controls how fast or slow the pathway goes
Rate limiting step
The most important rate limiting step in glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
Steps in glycolysis at which ATP is used
Steps 1 and 3
Steps in ATP in which ATP is produced
Steps 7 and 10
Step in glycolysis at which NADH is produced
Step 6
Number of pyruvate molecules produced from one glucose in glycolysis
2
Main fate of pyruvate
Converted to Acetyl CoA
Alternate fates of pyruvate
Lactate and Alanine
Number of carbon molecules in pyruvate
3
Number of carbon molecules in acetoacetate
2
Making glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, fatty and amino acids
Gluconeogenesis
Irreversible steps in glycolysis that are replaced in gluconeogenesis
Steps 1, 3 and 10
Location of gluconeogenesis
Mitochondria and cytoplasm
Lactate is converted to pyruvate which is covered to glucose
Sequence of events
Vitamin deficiency which results in excess lactic acid production
Biotin deficiency
Rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis
F1,6 Bisphosphatase
Hormone which inhibits gluconeogenesis
Insulin
Location of Krebs cycle
Mitochondrial Matrix
Steps in the Krebs cycle at which NADH is produced
Steps 3 + 4 = 7
Type of enzyme which facilitates the production of NADH
Dehydrogenase
Destination of the energy harvested from the Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Number of ATPs generated from 1 NADH
3 ATP
Number of ATPs generated from 1 FADH2
2 ATP
Number of NADH, FADH2 and GTP generated by one Krebs cycle
3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 GTP
Number of Krebs cycles to completely break down 1 glucose
2
Number of ATP produced from breakdown of one glucose in glycolysis
4 ATP
Number of NADH produced from one glucose in glycolysis
2 NADH
Net ATP gain from one glucose in glycolysis
2 ATP
Number of NADH produced by converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA
1
Total ATP generated by the breakdown of one molecule of glucose
38 ATP
Alternate fuel types for the Krebs cycle
Proteins and fat
Succinyl CoA, Oxaloacetate, Fumerate, Alpha-ketoglutarate (SOFA)
Sites at which proteins enter
a-ketoglutarate and Succinyl CoA
Sites at which fats can enter
Location of Electron Transport Chain
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Role of Electron Transport Chain
Transfer electrons to O2
Compound which has both reduced and oxidized form of a molecule
Redox pair
NAD (oxidized) and NADH (reduced)
Redox pair example
Drop-off point for NADH in the Electron Transport Chain
Complex 1
Drop-off point for FADH2 in the Electron Transport Chain
Complex 2
Alternate name for CoQ10
Ubiquinone
Heme containing compounds that receive electrons from CoQH2
Cytochromes
ETC complexes involving cytochromes
Complex 3 and 4
ETC complex involving phosphorylation
Complex 5
Other metal which is important to the ETC
Copper
Cycle used to prevent lactic acidosis (lactic acid buildup)
Cori Cycle
Purpose of the Hexose MonoPhosphate shunt (HMP)
Produces NADPH and ribose
Location of the pentose phosphate pathway (aka HMP shunt)
Cytosol
Rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway
G63P dehydrogenase
Site of glycogen metabolism
Cytosol
Starter or primer molecule for glycogen synthesis
Glycogenin
Compound containing a 5-carbon and 6-carbon sugar in glyocogenesis
Uridine DiPhospho-Glucose
Rate-limiting enzyme used to lengthen the glycogen chain
Glycogen Synthase
Type of chemical bonds between glucose molecules: a1,4 and a1,6 links
Glycosidic bond
Rate-limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis, activated by ATP
Glycogen phosphorylase
Sites for glycogenolysis
Heart, liver and muscle
Name of enzyme that changes G1P to G6P
Phosphoglucomutase
Group consisting of Carbon with Oxygen and a hydroxyl attached
Carboxyl group
One with no double bond between the carbon atoms (C-C)
Saturated fatty acid
One with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms
Unsaturated fatty acid
Linoleic acid (vegetable oil omega-6) and linolenic acid (fish oil omega-3)
Essential fatty acids
Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA - 18:1 (9))
Linoleic acid
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid - 18:2(9,12)
Oleic acid
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid - 20:4(5,8,11,14)
Arachidonic Acid
Location of lipolysis
Mitochondria
Site of lipogenesis
Cytosol
Rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis and target for statins
HMG CoA reductase
Starting point for steroid hormone synthesis
Cholesterol
Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met (His and Arg during pregnancy) Leu and Lys
Essential amino acids
Asn, Gly, Glu, Cys, Ala, Pro, Ser, Tyr, Asp and Gln
Non-essential amino acids
Proline (Pro)
Cyclic amino acid
Phenylalanine (Phe), Tyrosine (Tyr) and Tryptophan (Trp)
Aromatic amino acids
Histidine (His), Arginine (Arg) and Lysine (Lys)
Basic amino acids
Asparagine (Asn), Aspartate (Asp), Glutamine (Gln) and Glutamate (Glu)
Acid amino acids
Cysteine (Cys), Methionine (Met), Serine (Ser) and Threonine (The)
Sulfur-containing amino acids
Alanine (Ala), Glycine (Gly), Isoleucine (Ile), Leucine (Leu), Valine (Val)
Aliphatic amino acids
Removal of the amine NH2 group
Deamination
Source of nitrogen for the urea cycle
Glutamate and alanine
Substrates for urea formation
NH3 and CO2
Location of the urea cycle
Mitochondria then cytosol
Rate-Limiting enzyme in the urea cycle
Carbamoyl PO4 synthase
Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS pentose (5-carbon) sugar
Nucleoside
Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS pentose sugar AND phosphate
Nucleotide
Adenine and Guanine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides
Purine bases
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides
Pyrimidine bases
Adenine & Thymine; Cytosine & Guanine; Adenine & Uracil
Base pairs
Nucleoside formed by combining uracil and d-Ribose
Uridine
Enzyme which converts xanthine into uric acid
Xanthine oxidase
Process by which RNA template for protein synthesis is made from DNA
Transcription
Process by which RNA codon begins to make a protein
Translation
Arginine is made from which amino acid
Glutamine
Glutamine, arginine and proline are all made from which amino acid
Glutamate
Glutamate is made from which amino acid
alpha ketoglutarate
Asparagine is made from which amino acid
Aspartate
Aspartate is derived from which amino acid
Oxaloacetate transamination
Water-soluble vitamins
A, D, E and K
Fat-soluble vitamins
B and C
Anti-oxidants
Vitamins A, C, E and selenium
Used to make rhodopsin, helps in the differentiation of epithelial tissue
Vitamin A
Used in carboxylation of glutamate residue in making clotting factors
Vitamin K
Powerful antioxidant which mops free radical; lipid antioxidant
Vitamin E
Cofactor in pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Precursor for FMN, FAD, and FADH2 in the ETC and Redox reactions
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Precursor for NAD and NADP in the ETC
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Precursor for removal of CO2 (decarboxylase) in the Krebs cycle
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Acyl carrier as part of Coenzyme A; Pantene Pro V (V=Five)
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Cofactor for several transaminase reactions
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin)
Used in carboxylation reactions
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Used in reactions involving malonyl and methylmalonyl CoA
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Used in the transfer of 1-Carbon units and make methionine and purines
Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)
Cofactor for methionine and succinyl CoA manufacture
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Cofactor in hydroxylation in the synthesis of collagen
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Necessary in the ETC and found in prunes
Copper
Cofactor of carbonic anhydrase found in seafood, meat and whole grain
Zinc
Forms complexes wit ATP and found abundantly in nuts
Magnesium
Helps with glucose transport into cells and found in oysters
Chromium
Necessary for the transport of oxygen and energy formation
Iron
Deficiency of Vitamin C
Scurvy
Deficiency of Vitamin A
Night Blindness (nyctalopia)
Deficiency of Vitamin B1
Beri Beri
Deficiency of Vitamin B3
Pellagra
Deficiency of Vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia
Deficiency of Vitamin D
Rickets and osteomalacia
Deficiency of Vitamin B9 (folic acid)
Macrocytic anemia
Deficiency of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Lactic acidosis
Deficiency of Vitamin E
Hemolytic anemia
Deficiency of Vitamin K
Prolonged bleeding
Deficiency of iron
Microcytic/hypochromic anemia
Deficiency in calcium
Tetany
True vegans need to supplement
Calcium and Vitamin B12
