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Cardiovascular > Key Cardio Facts > Flashcards

Key Cardio Facts Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things describe a pulse

A

Rate
Rhythm
Character
Volume

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2
Q

What can rhythm of a pulse be

A

Regular
Regularly irregular
Irregularly irregular

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3
Q

What can volume of a pulse be

A

Normal
Small
Large

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4
Q

What is tachycardia

A

HR above 100bpm

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5
Q

What is Bradycardia

A

HR below 60bpm

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6
Q

When are heart sounds heard

A

When valves shut

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7
Q

What is diastole

A

Heart ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood

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8
Q

What is systole

A

Heart ventricles contract pumping blood into the aorta (LV) & pulmonary artery (RV)

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9
Q

What are the 5 events of Cardiac cycle

A
  1. Passive filling
  2. Atrial contraction
  3. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
  4. Ventricular ejection
  5. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
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10
Q

What valves close to produce 1st sound (signals what?)

A

Mitral & tricuspid
Systole beginning

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11
Q

What valves close to produce 2nd sound (signalling what?)

A

Pulmonary & aortic
Diastole beginning

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12
Q

What is 3rd heart sound

A

Additional sound, not always indicative of CVD -immediately after S2

Indicates low frequency early diastolic filling

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13
Q

Where is 3rd heart sound best heard

A

Using bell of stethoscope at apex of heart

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14
Q

What is 4th heart sound

A

Pathological - Indicative of ventricular stiffness i.e in left ventricular hypertrophy

Indicates low frequency late diastolic filling- heard just before S1

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15
Q

Where are cardiac auscultation points

A

Tricuspid = 2nd ICS right sternal edge
Mitral = 2nd ICS on left sternal edge
Pulmonary = 4th ICS left sternal edge
Mitral = 5th ICS mid-clavicular line (left)

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16
Q

What is the apex beat

A

Most inferior, lateral point the precordial cardiac impulse can be felt
Usually 5th left ICS mid-clavicular line

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17
Q

What type of murmur coincides with carotid pulse

A

Systolic murmurs

18
Q

What type of murmur does NOT coincide with carotid pulse

A

Diastolic murmurs

19
Q

What is splitting of 2nd heart sound

A

Inspiration causes a drop in intrathoracic pressure so INCREASED VENOUS RETURN to right side of heart
↓
Prolongs ventricular ejection time
↓
pulmonary component (quieter) delayed behind aortic part (louder)

20
Q

Where is splitting of 2nd heart sound best heard, when is it normal?

A

2nd ICS left sternal border

Normal IF observed ONLY IN INSPIRATION

21
Q

What frequency and pressure of stethoscope is bell

A

Transmits low frequency sounds

Apply light pressure to hear these

22
Q

What frequency and pressure of stethoscope is diaphragm

A

Transmits high frequency sounds

Apply firm pressure to hear these

23
Q

What does full description of a cardiac murmur include

A

INTENSITY (GRADING),
CHARACTER & PITCH,
TIMING,
LOCATION
RADIATION

24
Q

What is a murmur, and what are the 2 types?

A

Audible turbulence of blood flow

Innocent or pathological

25
Q

What causes and innocent heart murmur

A

Is a systolic flow murmur usually caused by right ventricular outflow tract

26
Q

Characteristics of innocent murmur

A

Soft mid systolic
Heard in pulmonary area
Localised to 1 auscultatory area
No radiation
No other cardiac signs ( NO palpitations, irregular pulse e.t.c)

27
Q

What causes a pathological murmur

A

Turbulence of blood flow from structural abnormality
Can be systolic or diastolic

28
Q

Characteristics of pathological murmurs

A

-Diastolic always pathological
-Ejection systolic, Late peaking or pansystolic often pathological
-Not localised to 1 area
-May radiate (neck in aortic stenosis, axilla in mitral regurgitation)
-Usually associated abnormalities (palpitations, irregular pulse)

29
Q

What is the range of murmur grades

A

I to VI

30
Q

What common murmur is 2nd sound splitting

A

Aortic stenosis

31
Q

What common murmur is 3rd sound

A

Aortic regurgitation

32
Q

What common murmur is 4th sound

A

Mitral stenosis

33
Q

What do B-blockers do to the heart

A

Decrease slope of pacemaker potential in SA nodal cells
= Increase AV nodal delay
=Slow HR

34
Q

What does Atropine do to the heart

A

Increases slope of pacemaker potential in SA nodal cells
= Decreases AV nodal delay
= Increases HR

35
Q

What are symptoms of postural hypotension

A

Light-headedness
Dizziness
Blurred vision
Faintness
Falls

36
Q

what receptors in the heart does noradrenaline work through - what stimulation?

A

β-1 adrenoreceptors
sympathetic stimulation

37
Q

what receptors in the heart does acetylcholine work through- what stimulation?

A

Muscarinic M2 receptors
parasympathetic stimulation

38
Q

Aortic regurgitation

A

Early diastolic murmur at left sternal edge

39
Q

Aortic Stenosis

A

Ejection systolic murmur

40
Q

Mitral regurgitation

A

Pan-systolic murmur to axilla `(displaced apex beat)

41
Q

Mitral stenosis

A

Diastolic murmur

Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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