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Key Associations EC Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer (increase ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretions)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Chrohn’s disease)

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5
Q

Aneurism, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurism, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurism, arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

Aortic aneurism, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Strep. pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B strep (newborns)

Strep. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)

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14
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to vWF)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: Metastasis> Astrocytoma (glioblastoma multiforme) > Meningioma > Schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

Supratentorial: Craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

Breast mass

A 
Fibrocystic change (esp. pre-menopaulsal)
Carcinoma (esp. post-menopausal)
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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Lubman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A 
Metatstasis
Primary Myxoma (4:1 L to R atrium; "ball and valve")
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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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25
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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26
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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27
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

“it’s CLEAR that your mother was on DES”

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28
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis

type I: postmenopausal woman
type II: elderly man or woman

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29
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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30
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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31
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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32
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Tuberculosis (developing world)

SLE (developed world)

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33
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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34
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/hypoparathyroidism

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35
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Iatrogenic (from corticosteroids)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
Paraneoplastic Cushing’s (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

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36
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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37
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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38
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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39
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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40
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease

Multiple infarcts

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41
Q

Demyelinating disease in young woman

A

Multiple sclerosis

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42
Q

DIC

A 
Severe sepsis
Obstetric complications
Cancer
Burns
Trauma/Major surgery
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43
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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44
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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45
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonary stenosis

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46
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)

Adenocarcinoma (US)

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47
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus

B. cereus

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48
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)

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49
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A 
Endometrial carcinoma (US)
Cervical carcinoma (world)
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50
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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51
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > Aortic (rheumatic fever) > Tricuspid (IV drug use)

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52
Q

Helminth infection (US)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

Ascaris lumbricoides

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53
Q

Hematoma-epidural

A

Rupture of the middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

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54
Q

Hematoma-subdural

A

Rupture of the bridging veins (crescent shaped)

55
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions

Hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes”, increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

56
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (Hep. B, Hep C, alcoholism, & hemochromatosis)

57
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s disease

58
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

59
Q

HLA-B27

A 
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter's syndrome
Ulverative colitis
Uveitis 
Psoriasis
60
Q

HLA-DR3 or DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus I
Rheumatoid arthritis
SLE

61
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation

62
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad (results in venous thrombosis)

63
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Renal disease

64
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

65
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (benign)

66
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

67
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staph. aureus (cat+)
E. coli (cat+)
Aspergillus (cat+)

68
Q

Kidney stones

A

Calcium=radiopaque

Struvite (ammonium)=radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)

Uric acid=radiolucent

69
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (cause by ASD, VSD, PDA)

Results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia

70
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

71
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

72
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

73
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

74
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL

Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

75
Q

Mental retardation

A

Down syndrome

Fragile X syndrome

76
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate > Breast > Lung > Thyroid > Testes

77
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > Breast > Genitourinary > Osteosarcoma > Melanoma > GI

78
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; somach > pancreas

79
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females

Inherited through female only

80
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

82
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

83
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

84
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

85
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotripic hypogonadism and anosmia)

86
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

87
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

88
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

89
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

90
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Staph. aureus

91
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

92
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas

Staph. aureus

93
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

94
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

95
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

96
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones

Alcohol

97
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A 
Alcohol (adults)
Cystic fibrosis (kids)
98
Q

Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL=child
CLL=adult >60
AML=adult~65
CML=adult 30-60

99
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

100
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

CML

“C-Me-Leave on the bcr-abl train to Philidelphia at 9:22”

101
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma

Somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

102
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

103
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45, XO)

104
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

105
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas
Hyperplasia
Carcinoma

106
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 anti trypsin deficiency)

107
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

108
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

109
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma

Associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking
Paraneoplastic syndrome (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
110
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

111
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increased ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])

112
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

113
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

114
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

115
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

116
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

117
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

118
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

119
Q

Stomach ulceration and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

120
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

121
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)

122
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome

CML (bcr-abl fusion)

123
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery

Polymyalgia rheumatica

124
Q

Testicular tumor

125
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

126
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

127
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma (usually regress spontaneously by childhood)

128
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

129
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

130
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

131
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

132
Q

UTI

A 
E. coli
Staph saprophyticus (young women)
133
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

134
Q

Vitamin deficiency (US)

A

Folate

Pregnant woman are at high risk
Body stores only 3-4 month supply
Prevent neural tube defects

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