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Boards - High Yield Associations > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer (+ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)

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5
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine - B1 - deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns)

A

Group B streptococcus

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14
Q

Bacterial meningitis (kids)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis

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15
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)

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16
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to Von Willebrand’s factor)

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17
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

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18
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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19
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ducal carcinoma (in US 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)

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20
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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21
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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22
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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23
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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24
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)

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25
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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26
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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27
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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28
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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29
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal women, type II: elderly man or woman)

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30
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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31
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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32
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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33
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematous (developed world)

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34
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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35
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficiency / hypothyroidism

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36
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Iatrogenic Cushing’s (corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
Paraneoplastic Cushing’s (ACTH secretion by tumors)

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37
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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38
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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39
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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40
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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41
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease, multiple infarcts

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42
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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43
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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44
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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45
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx, diagnosed by?

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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46
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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47
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)

Adenocarcinoma (US)

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48
Q

Food poisoning (endotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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49
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)

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50
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A 
Endometrial carcinoma (MC in US)
Cervical carcinoma (MC worldwide)
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51
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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52
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever)

Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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53
Q

Helminth infection (US)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

Ascaris lumbricoides

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54
Q

Hematoma - epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma, lentiform shaped)

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55
Q

Hematoma - subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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56
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

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57
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

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58
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s disease

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59
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

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60
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter’s syndrome
Ulcerative colitis
Psoriasis

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61
Q

HLA-DR3 or DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1
Rheumatoid arthritis
SLE

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62
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD

Triscuspid/mitral regurgitation

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63
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad (results in venous thrombosis)

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64
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

Renal disease

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65
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

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66
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

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67
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

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68
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staph aureus
E. coli
Aspergillus (catalase positive)

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69
Q

Kidney stones (content/appearance)

A

Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staph)
Uric acid = radiolucent

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70
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN/polycythemia)

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71
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

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72
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

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73
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

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74
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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75
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

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76
Q

Mental retardation

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

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77
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes

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78
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

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79
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

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80
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

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81
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

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82
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

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83
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

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84
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

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85
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

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86
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

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87
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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88
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

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89
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

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90
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia

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91
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

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92
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

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93
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

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94
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

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95
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

96
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

97
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

98
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

99
Q

Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML - age

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 30-60

100
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

101
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

102
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

103
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO)

104
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

105
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

106
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

107
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency)

108
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

109
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

110
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

111
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

112
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increased ventricular filling (L to R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])

113
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

114
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

115
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

116
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

117
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

118
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

119
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

120
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

121
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

122
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

123
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

124
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

125
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

126
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

127
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

128
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

129
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

130
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

131
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

132
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

133
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

134
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

135
Q

Vitamin deficiency (US)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

136
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Iatrogenic Cushing’s (corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
Paraneoplastic Cushing’s (ACTH secretion by tumors)

137
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

138
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

139
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

140
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

141
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease, multiple infarcts

142
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

143
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

144
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

145
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx, diagnosed by?

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

146
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

147
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)

Adenocarcinoma (US)

148
Q

Food poisoning (endotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

149
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)

150
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A 
Endometrial carcinoma (MC in US)
Cervical carcinoma (MC worldwide)
151
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

152
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever)

Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

153
Q

Helminth infection (US)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

Ascaris lumbricoides

154
Q

Hematoma - epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma, lentiform shaped)

155
Q

Hematoma - subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

156
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

157
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

158
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s disease

159
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

160
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter’s syndrome
Ulcerative colitis
Psoriasis

161
Q

HLA-DR3 or DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1
Rheumatoid arthritis
SLE

162
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD

Triscuspid/mitral regurgitation

163
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad (results in venous thrombosis)

164
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

Renal disease

165
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

166
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

167
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

168
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staph aureus
E. coli
Aspergillus (catalase positive)

169
Q

Kidney stones (content/appearance)

A

Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staph)
Uric acid = radiolucent

170
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN/polycythemia)

171
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

172
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

173
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

174
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

175
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

176
Q

Mental retardation

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

177
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes

178
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

179
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

180
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

181
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

182
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

183
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

184
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

185
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

186
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

187
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

188
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

189
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

190
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia

191
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

192
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

193
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

194
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

195
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

196
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

197
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

198
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

199
Q

Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML - age

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 30-60

200
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

201
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

202
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

203
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO)

204
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

205
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

206
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

207
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency)

208
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

209
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

210
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

211
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

212
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increased ventricular filling (L to R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])

213
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

214
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

215
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

216
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

217
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

218
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

219
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

220
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

221
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

222
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

223
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

224
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

225
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

226
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

227
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

228
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

229
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

230
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

231
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

232
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

233
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

234
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

235
Q

Vitamin deficiency (US)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

Boards - High Yield Associations (4 decks)

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