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USMLE High Yield > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn disease)

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5
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal

A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, thoracic

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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8
Q

Aortic dissection

A

Hypertension

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9
Q

Atrophy of maxillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S. pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus/E. coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/N. meningitidis (kids/teens)

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14
Q

Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiform), meningioma, schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblasoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestations of lupus

A

Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, myxoma (90% in LA, “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

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25
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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26
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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27
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxlase deficiency

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29
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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30
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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31
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)

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32
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD>RCA>circumflex

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33
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism

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34
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

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35
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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36
Q

Cyanosis (late, more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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37
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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38
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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39
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

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40
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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41
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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42
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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43
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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44
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic stenosis

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45
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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46
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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47
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

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48
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

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49
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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50
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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51
Q

Helminth infection (U.S.)

A

Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides

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52
Q

Hematoma-epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

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53
Q

Hematoma-subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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54
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

55
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

56
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

57
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

58
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis

59
Q

HLA-DR3

A

Diabetes mellitus type I, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis

60
Q

HLA-DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis

61
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

62
Q

Hypercoaguability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)

63
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Renal disease

64
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

65
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituirary adenoma (usually benign)

66
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

67
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

A

S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalse +)

68
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

69
Q

Kidney stones

A
  • Calcium = radiopaque
  • Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms such as klebsiella, proteus species and S. saprophyticus)
  • Uric acid = radiolucent
70
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

71
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

72
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher diseaes

73
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

74
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

75
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

76
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast>lung>thyroid

77
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung>breast>genitourinary>melanoma>GI

78
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon»stomach, pancreas

79
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

80
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

82
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

83
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

84
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

85
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

86
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram negative rods

87
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

88
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

89
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

90
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

91
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

92
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus

93
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

94
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

95
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

96
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

97
Q

Patients with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult > 60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 45-85

98
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae

99
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9:22) (BCR-ABL)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

100
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma

101
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45, XO)

102
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

103
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

104
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)

105
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

106
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

107
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)

108
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

109
Q

S3 heart sound

A

Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g. mitral regurgitation, HF), common dilated ventricles

110
Q

S4 heart sound

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

111
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

112
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

C. trachomatis (usually connected with N. gonorrhea)

113
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

114
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

115
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery

116
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

117
Q

Stomach ulcerations with high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastronome of duodenum or pancreas)

118
Q

t(14:18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

119
Q

t(8:14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)

120
Q

t(9:22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)

121
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery, polymyalgia rheumatica

122
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)

123
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

124
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

125
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

126
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

127
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

128
Q

Type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

129
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

130
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

131
Q

Vertebral compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type I: post-menopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)

132
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

133
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

USMLE High Yield (5 decks)

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