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USMLE Rapid Review > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Cushing’s ulcer

A

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury (⬆️ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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1
Q

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

A

Actinic (solar) keratosis

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2
Q

Curling’s ulcer

A

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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3
Q

Skip lesions

A

Alternating areas of TRANSMURAL inflammation and normal colon (Crohn’s disease)

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4
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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5
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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8
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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9
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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10
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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11
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)

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13
Q

Spitz nevus

A

Benign melanocytic nevus (most common in first two decades)

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14
Q

Bernard-Soulier syndrome

A

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)

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15
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including gliobastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

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16
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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17
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the U.S., 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)

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18
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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19
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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20
Q

Primary cardiac tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma (often seen in tuberous sclerosis)

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21
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libmann-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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22
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis

Most common primary cardiac tumor in adults: myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)

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23
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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24
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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25
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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26
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina

A

DES exposure in uterus

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27
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)

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28
Q

21-hydroxylase deficiency

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), hypotension, hyperkalemia (most common cause of CAH)

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29
Q

11-beta-hydroxylase

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), hypertension, hypokalemia (2nd most common cause of CAH)

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30
Q

Content cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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31
Q

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

A

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver) [inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile]

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32
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)

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33
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LDA > RCA > LCA

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34
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficiency/hypothyroidism

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35
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A
  • Iatrogenic Cushing’s (from corticosteroid therapy)
  • Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol; Cushing’s disease)
  • ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
  • Paraneoplastic Cushing’s (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
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36
Q

Cyanosis (early; less commn)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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37
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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38
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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39
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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40
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease, multiple infarcts

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41
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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42
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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43
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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44
Q

Diverticulitis in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by Barium swallow)

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45
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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46
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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47
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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48
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)

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49
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

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50
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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51
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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52
Q

Helminth infection (U.S.)

A

Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides

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53
Q

Hematoma - epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shape)

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54
Q

Hematoma - subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

55
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusion or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and ⬆️ risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

56
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

57
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s disease

58
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

59
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

60
Q

HLA-DR3 or -DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

61
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

62
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis (results in venous thrombosis)

63
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

Renal disease

64
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

65
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

66
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

67
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

A

S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)

68
Q

Kidney stones

A
  • Calcium = radiopaque
  • Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
  • Uric acid = radiolucent
69
Q

Late cyanotic shunt

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia) [uncorrected left to right shunt becomes right to left]

70
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

71
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

72
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

73
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

74
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

75
Q

Mental retardation

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

76
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes

77
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

79
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

80
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

81
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

82
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

83
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

84
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

85
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

86
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

87
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

88
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

89
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

90
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia

91
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

92
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

93
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

94
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)

95
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma)

96
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

97
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

98
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

99
Q

Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 30-60

100
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

101
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

102
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

103
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO)

104
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

105
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

106
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

107
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency)

108
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

109
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

110
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

111
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

112
Q

S3 heart sound

A

Protodiastolic gallop; ⬆️ ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])

113
Q

S4 heart sound

A

Presystolic gallop; stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

114
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

115
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea

116
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion; small cell carcinoma of the lung

117
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

118
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

119
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

120
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

121
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

122
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

123
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

124
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

125
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

126
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

127
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

128
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

129
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheocromocytoma (usually benign)

130
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

131
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

132
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

133
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

134
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

135
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at a high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

USMLE Rapid Review (5 decks)

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