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Step 1 Rapid Review > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of the maxillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopahty (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (HgS)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H.pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningits (adults and elderly)

A

S.pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningits (newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus = S.agalactiae (newborns), S.pneumoniae/N.meningitidis (kids)

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14
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiform) > meningioma > schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Inratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the U.S., 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)

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19
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestations of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, primary myxoma) (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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25
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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26
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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27
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal women; type II: elderly man or woman)

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29
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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30
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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31
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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32
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)

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33
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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34
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/hypothroidism

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35
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A
  • Iatrogenic Cushing’s (from corticosteroid therapy)
  • Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
  • ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
  • Paraneoplastic Cushing’s (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
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36
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tertalogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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37
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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38
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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39
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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40
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease, multiple infarcts

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41
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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42
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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43
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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44
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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45
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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46
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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47
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S.aureus, B.cereus (reheated rice syndrome)

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48
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)

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49
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

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50
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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51
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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52
Q

Helminth infection (U.S.)

A

Enterobius vermicularis (scotch tape test), Ascaris lumbricoides

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53
Q

Hematoma - subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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54
Q

Hematoma - epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; contact lens shaped)

55
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions of hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

56
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

57
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s disease

58
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

59
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

60
Q

HLA-DR3 or -DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

61
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

62
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad (results in venous thrombosis)

63
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

Renal disease

64
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

65
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

66
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

67
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S.aureus, E.coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)

68
Q

Kidney stones

A
  • Calcium = radiopaque
  • Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgarism or Staphylococcus)
  • Uric acid = radiolucent (can’t be seen on x-ray)
69
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

70
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

71
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

72
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

73
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

74
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

75
Q

Mental retardation

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

76
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes

77
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

78
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

79
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

80
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

82
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

83
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

84
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

85
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

86
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E.coli, P.aeruginosa)

87
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

88
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

89
Q

Opportunistic infections in AIDs

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia

90
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S.aureus

91
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

92
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S.aureus

93
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

94
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

95
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

96
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

97
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

98
Q

Patient with ALL/CCL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child, CLL: adult >60, AML: adult ~65, CML: adult 30-60

99
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

100
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

101
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

102
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45, X0)

103
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

104
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

105
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

106
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)

107
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

108
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

109
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

110
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

111
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increased ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])

112
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

113
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

114
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia (usually con infected with gonorrhea)

115
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

116
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

117
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

118
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

119
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

120
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

121
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

122
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

123
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

124
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

125
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

126
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

127
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

128
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

129
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

130
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

131
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

132
Q

UTI

A

E.coli, S.saprophyticus (young women)

133
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

134
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-to-4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

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