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psychopharm > Key areas > Flashcards

Key areas Flashcards

1
Q

Disorders of prefrontal cortex

A

anxiety, depression, adhd

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2
Q

malfunctions of prefrontal cortex

A

impaired decision making, difficulty regulating emotions, problems w/ attn

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3
Q

s/s prefrontal cortex malfunctioning

A

persistent sadness, lack of motivation, difficulty concentrating

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4
Q

disorders of the amygdala

A

anxiety disorders, ptsd, depression

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5
Q

malfunctions of the amygdala

A

overactivity can lead to heightened fear and anxiety responses

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6
Q

s/s amygdala malfunctioning

A

intense fear, hypervigilance, emotional dysregulation

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7
Q

disorders of hippocampus

A

depression, ptsd, alzheimer’s disease

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8
Q

malfunctions of hippocampus

A

reduced neurogenesis and atrophy can affect memory formation and retrieval

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9
Q

s/s hippocampus malfunctioning

A

memory issues, difficulty recalling past events, flashbacks

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10
Q

disorders of basal ganglia

A

OCD, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s Disease

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11
Q

malfunctions of basal ganglia

A

disrupted reward processing and motor control

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12
Q

s/s basal ganglia malfunctioning

A

compulsive bx, impaired motivation, abnormal motor functions

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13
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of the brain; divided into 4 regions: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

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14
Q

frontal lobe

A

personality, emotions, higher thinking skills, problem solving, and controlling movement.

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15
Q

temporal lobe

A

processes hearing and other senses, helps with language

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16
Q

parietal lobe

A

involved with senses, attention, language

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17
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision, recognition of shapes and colors

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18
Q

thalamus

A

in the center of the brain, relays sensory and motor info to the cortex and helps w/ consciousness, sleep, alertness

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19
Q

cerebellum

A

key role in motor control, coordination, spatial navigation

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20
Q

brainstem

A

connects to spinal cord, includes pons, medulla oblongata

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21
Q

pons

A

controls breathing

22
Q

medulla oblongata

A

regulates heart & other reflexes like vomit, coughing, sneezing, swallowing

23
Q

limbic system

A

under the cortex; processes emotions and drives; contains reward circuitry which releases dopamine

24
Q

parts of the limbic system

A

amygdala, hippocampus (of the temporal lobe)

25
Q

amygdala action:

A

processes emotions

26
Q

hippocampus function

A

(in temporal lobe) acts as memory indexer

27
Q

hypothalamus

A

responsible for secreting hormones; gets adrenaline flowing, wakes up in the AM

28
Q

pituitary gland

A

controls growth, body temperature, pregnancy, child birth

29
Q

pineal gland

A

controls sleep and circadian rhythms

30
Q

disorders assoc. w/ thalamus

A

schizophrenia, ADHD

31
Q

malfunctions of thalamus

A

disrupted sensory processing and attn regulation

32
Q

s/s thalamus malfunction

A

sensory overload, distractibility, distorted perceptions

33
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics or traits like physical attributes, bx traits, physiological properties. Influenced by genotype and environmental factors

34
Q

epigenetics

A

study of changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence. Changes can be caused by various factors like environmental influences, lifestyle, and developmental stages. Can be reversible.

35
Q

key differences b/t phenotype and epigenetics

A

phenotype is the actual traits and characteristics visible and can be product of genes and environment; epigenetics focuses on molecular and cellular mechanisms that change phenotype without changing the DNA sequence

36
Q

chemical transmission

A

neurotransmission is fundamentally chemical, but does have anatomical infrastructure. It is the process of chemical signals being coded, decoded, transduced, and sent. Neurons are the cells of chemical communication.

37
Q

types of chemical transmission

A

classic, retrograde, volume

38
Q

classic chemical transmission

A

presynaptic terminal to a second postsynaptic terminal (one direction)

39
Q

retrograde neurotransmission

A

postsynaptic neurons communicate with presynaptic neurons (bottom to top)

40
Q

volume neurotransmission

A

occurs without a synapse (spill over)

41
Q

signal transduction

A

cell signaling; chemical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events: protein phosphorylation, message sent, received, transduced, and response occurs

42
Q

importance of signal transduction

A

signals must be transmitted effectively into the cell to ensure an appropriate cellular response

43
Q

signal transduction cascades

A

g-protein-linked systems, ion-channel-linked systems, hormone-linked systems, neurotrophin-linked systems

44
Q

action potential

A

rapid and temporary electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a neuron or muscle cell; essential for neurotransmission

45
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels

A

open in response to binding of specific molecule (ligand) such as neurotransmitter or hormone. Commonly found in postsynaptic membranes of neurons, muscle cells. Allow ions like Na, K, Ca, or Cl to flow into or out of the cell when the ligand binds, leading to changes in membrane potential and cellular activity. Respond rapidly to ligand binding but may close quickly after activation.

46
Q

examples of ligand-gated ion channels

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (open in response to acetylcholine binding) and GABA receptors (open in response to GABA binding, allowing Cl influx)

47
Q

voltage-sensitive ion channels

A

open or close in response to changes in membrane potential (voltage) across the cell membrane. Found in membranes of excitable cells like neurons and muscle cells. Allow ions to flow based on electrical state of membrane, contributing to action potentials and other electrical signaling processes. Often have more complex gated mechanisms and may remain open for a longer duration depending on voltage changes

48
Q

differences in ligand and voltage-sensitive channels: activation

A

ligand-gated respond to chemical signals; voltage-sensitive respond to electrical changes

49
Q

differences in ligand and voltage-sensitive channels: location

A

ligand-gated channels found at synapses; voltage-sensitive channels found in excitable tissues

50
Q

differences in ligand and voltage-sensitive channels: function

A

ligand-gated channels mediate rapid responses to signaling molecules; voltage-sensitive channels are crucial for generating and propagating action potentials

psychopharm (3 decks)

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