Key Area 6: Social behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What Behaviours are included in social groups?

A
  • Behaviours that reflect the animals rank in a social hierarchy
  • Cooperative hunting
  • Social defence
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2
Q

What is a Social Hierarchy?

A

A rank order within a group of animals consisting of dominant (high ranking) and subordinate (low ranking) members

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3
Q

Examples of Social Hierarchies

A

E.g. Pecking Order in chickens, Hierarchies in wolf packs

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4
Q

What do Dominant Individuals carry out?

A

Ritualistic displays

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5
Q

What do Subordinate animals carry out and why?

A

Appeasement behaviours to reduce conflict and injury within the group

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6
Q

What do Lower rank animals sometimes do?

A

They form alliances to increase their position within the social hierarchy

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7
Q

What do dominant individuals have greater access of?

A

Food and Mates

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8
Q

What do Social Hierarchies increase the chances of?

A

Increases chances of dominant animals surviving to reproduce, passing on their favourable genes to the next generation

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9
Q

What is Cooperative Hunting?

A

Hunting Behaviour in which individuals work together to catch prey and obtain food

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10
Q

What are advantages of Cooperative Hunting?

A
  • Enables larger prey to be caught
  • Less energy used per individual in Cooperative Hunting compared to hunting alone
  • Increase chances og hunting success
  • Subordinate animals get more food than if they hunted alone
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11
Q

What is Social Defence?

A

‘Safety in numbers’

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12
Q

Why do animals employ social defence strategies?

A

To increase their chances of survival

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13
Q

Why in large groups do some individuals watch for predators whilst others can forage for food?

A

This makes it more likely that approaching predators will be spotted

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14
Q

Examples of a group strengthening their defence by adopting specialised formaations when under attack to protect their young

A

Musk Ox form a defensive ring with young at the centre so they are protected

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15
Q

What is Altruism?

A

Behaviours which may be harmful too the individual carrying out the behaviour (the donor) but are beneficial to another individual (the recipient)

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16
Q

What are the two possible explanations for altruistic behaviour?

A
  1. Reciprocal Altruism
  2. Kin Selection
17
Q

What is Reciprocal Altruism?

A

Altruistic Behaviour that is formed with the knowledge that the roles of the recipients and the donor will later reverse

18
Q

Example of Reciprocal Altruism

A

Blood sharing in vampire bats

19
Q

What is Kin Selection?

A

Altruistic Behaviour where the donor and the recipient are related (Kin)

20
Q

What does Kin Selection ensure?

A

The shared genes of the donor and recipient are passed on to the next generation as the recipient will survive to reproduce

21
Q

What is the structure in society with Social Insects?

A
  • Only some individuals (queens and drones) can reproduce. This means all members of the colony are closely related
  • Most members of the colony are sterile workers
22
Q

What are the roles of sterile workers?

A
  • Collecting food
  • Defending the nest/hive
  • Raising young relatives
  • Carrying out waggle dances to show the direction of food (Bees only)
23
Q

Since the workers are donors what does this help do?

A

They help the queen and drones survive to reproduce, and then raise their young at great personal cost.
This increases the chances of survival of shared genes

24
Q

Why do Primates have a long period of parental care?

A

To allow time for learning of complex social behaviours essential for survival

25
What are the examples of learned complex social behaviours?
1. Grooming 2. Facial Expressions 3. Body Posture 4. Sexual Presentation
26
What is Grooming in subordinate primates?
An Effective way of forming alliances with other subordinate members of the group to increase rank in Social Hierarchy
27
What is Facial Expressions in subordinate primates?
A grinning mouth exposing teeth is used to appease a more dominant individual. Opening and closing lips rapidly is recongnised as a friendly, submissive gesture
28
What is Body Posture in subordinate primates?
Subordinate males greet dominant males by bowing and bending low enough to be able to look up respectfully
29
What is Sexual Presentation in subordinate primates?