Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A/ AH Biology: Unit 2 > Key Area 5-Parasitism > Flashcards

Key Area 5-Parasitism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

An intimate relationship between two different species where at least one of the species benefits nutritionally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a parasite?

A

A symbiont that benefits in terms of nutrition at the expense of their hosting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a host?

A

Something th parasite lives in or on and takes nutrients from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What percentage of all species are parasitic?

A

At least half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percentage of all free living species are thought to host parasites?

A

All of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is reproductive potential in parasite-host relationship compared to predator-prey relationships

A

It is much greater as the reproductive potential of the parasite is far greater than that of the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the parasite niche?

A

A multidimensional summary of the tolerances and requirements of a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the size of a parasite niche?

A

Parasites tend to have a narrow niche as they are very host specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why can parasites be termed degenerate?

A

They often have a limited metabolism due to the fact that the host provides this function for the parasite so it doesn’t have to possess reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

A parasite that lives on the surface of their host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an endoparasite?

A

A parasite that lives inside their host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the balance between parasites and hosts?

A

A balance exists between the damage exerted by the parasite and the defence of the host, they constantly evolve with each generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

The organisms in/on which the parasite reaches sexual maturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

An organism in/on which the parasite may complete some or part of its life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a vector?

A

An organism that plays a role in the transmission of the parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What other function can a vector be?

A

A host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

A

The niche occupied in the absence of any interspecific competing influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a realises niche?

A

The niche occupied in response to interspecific competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

When two different species are so different one dies out completely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When does resource partitioning occur?

A

If the realises niche are so different-competition is reduced by organisms adapting to the pH and nutrients at different areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is transmission?

A

The spread of a parasite to a host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is virulence?

A

The harm caused to the host species by the parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are two qualities of a successful parasite?

A
  • rapid evolution

- efficient modes of transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are two factors that increase transmission rates of parasites?

A
  • hosts density is high

- parasite has mechanisms of transmission even when host is incapacitated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do parasites alter host behaviour?

A

They alter the host behaviour in favour of the parasite and the behaviour becaimes part of the parasite’s extended phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are five host modifications?

A 
Foraging behaviour
Movement
Sexual behaviour
Habitat choice
Anti-predator behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do parasites do to benefit themselves?

A

They suppress the host immune system, modify host size and modify host reproductive rate

28
Q

How are parasites distributed?

A

Not uniformly

29
Q

What parasite traits are favoured in distribution?

A

Parasites that can evolve rapidly and have the most efficient modes of transmission

30
Q

What type of reproduction allows rapid evolution and population growth?

A

Both sexual and asexual

31
Q

What is a non-specific response in mammals?

A

Physical barriers and chemical responses that fight anything that’s not you

32
Q

Give three examples of non-specific responses in mammals

A
  • inflammatory response
  • phagocytes
  • natural killer cells
33
Q

What are phagocytes and how do they work?

A

Special white blood cells that engulf the parasite and digest it using enzymes held in lysosomes.
When a tissue is damaged or a parasite enters, the damaged area gets warmer and redder because blood flow is increased to being more phagocytes to defend and attack

34
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

Bring about apoptosis of non-self cells

35
Q

Give so examples of specific cellular defence in mammals?

A
  • immune survalence

- clinal selection of T-lymphocytes

36
Q

What triggers a specific response?

A

When a non-specific response fails

37
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A
  • B-lymphocytes

- T-lymphocytes

38
Q

How do B-lymphocytes work?

A

B-lymphocytes have foreign antigens presenter to them by phagocytes and replicate by mitosis to form clones which then either produce antibodies to fight antigen or become immunological memory cells

39
Q

How do -lymphocytes work?

A

T-lymphocytes target specific infected or damaged cells and they trigger apoptosis. T-lymphocytes and clones and some remain as immunological memory cells

40
Q

How are lymphocytes amplified?

A

Clinal selection

41
Q

What is an immunological memory cell?

A

They remain in the blood after exposure to foreign antigens and if the body was to encounter this antigen again in the future these cells would replicate quickly and destroy it before a serious infection occurs

42
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of outbreaks and spread of infections

43
Q

How can an epidemic be avoided?

A

If enough individuals are naturally resistant

44
Q

What is the herd immunity threshold?

A

The number of resistant members needed to prevent an epidemic

45
Q

Give three responses to immune systems and how they work?

A
  • mimicking host antigens-this means they can evade detection
  • modify host-immune response-suppression of the host’s immune system
  • antigenic variation-this means they can evade detection as they change quicker than the host immune system can keep up with
46
Q

Give the six common types of parasite?

A
  • protists
  • Platyhelminthes
  • nematodes
  • anthropoids
  • bacteria
  • viruses
47
Q

What is an indirect lifecycle?

A

When parasites require more than one host to complete their lifecycle

48
Q

What are the two parasites that need more than one host in the life cycle?

A
  • plasmodium spp - a protozoan that causes malaria

- schistosoma spp - a Platyhelminthe that causes schistosomiasis

49
Q

How are endopaasites and ectoparasites of the main cavities of the boy usually transmitted?

A

By direct contact or by consumption of secondary host

50
Q

How are endoparasites of the body usually transmitted?

A

By vectors

51
Q

What parasites can complete their lifecycle in one host?

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • ectoparasitic arthropods
  • endoparasitic amoeba
52
Q

What is an example of a bacterial human disease?

A

Tuberculosis

53
Q

What are two examples of human viral diseases?

A
  • influenza

- HIV

54
Q

What genetic information is found in viruses?

A

Either RNA or DNA

55
Q

How are all virusss composed?

A

A protein coat around some form of nucleic acid and some also have a lipid membrane made out of host resources

56
Q

What are the steps in viral replication?

A

-

57
Q

What is retrotransposin?

A

The DNA that originated from viral RNA

58
Q

What enzyme allows reverse transcription of retrotransposin?

A

Reverse transcriptase

59
Q

What does most of the genome in most eukaryotic cells consist of?

A

Retrotransposins thought to have arisen from retrotroviruses

60
Q

What is the role of retrotransposins in host immunity?

A

The genes responsible for the variability of vertebrate antibodies

61
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

A virus that contains RNA rather than DNA

62
Q

What are the reasons for difficulties in treatment and control of viruses?

A
  • some parasites are difficult to culture in the laboratory
  • rapid antigen change has to be reflected in the design of vaccinations
  • similarities between host and parasite metabolism makes it difficult to find drug compounds that only target the parasite without negatively affecting the host
63
Q

What are two practical control strategies for parasites?

A
  • civil engineering projects to improve sanitation

- coordinates vector control

64
Q

What did overcrowding do to control of parasites?

A

It makes control of parasites difficult as they spread most readily in overcrowded conditions

65
Q

How can overcrowding occur?

A

War, rapidly growing cities in least developed countries

66
Q

What type of climates increase the spread of parasites?

A

Tropical climates

67
Q

What are two advantages of improving parasite control?

A
  • reduce child mortality

- have population-wide improvements in child development an intelligence

A/ AH Biology: Unit 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions