Key Area 4.4: Acitve Imminisation Amd Vaccination Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

How can active immunity be developed?

A

By vaccination with antigens from infectious pathogens to create immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can be mixed with antigens from infectious pathogens to enhance the immune response generated by a vaccine?

A

Adjuvants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are sources of antigens?

A

Inactivated pathogen toxins, dead pathogens, parts of pathogens and weakened pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do vaccines undergo?

A

Clinical trials to establish their safety and effectiveness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some designs of clinical trials?

A

Randomised, double blind and placebo controlled protocols.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is important when carrying out a clinical trial?

A

Group size and replicates because they can affect the reliability of results and the significance of any statistics collected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a large percentage of a population is immunised. Non immune individuals are protected as there is a lower probability they will come into contact with infected individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the herd immunity threshold depend on?

A

The disease, the effectiveness of the vaccine and the contact parameters for the population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do public health immunisation programs aim to do?

A

Establish herd immunity to a number of diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When is widespread vaccination not possible?

A

When populations are malnourished, in poverty, or a percentage of the population rejects the vaccine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What have many pathogens evolved?

A

Mechanisms to evade specific immune responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can some pathogens do to evade the immunological memory?

A

Change their antigens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are malaria and trypanosomiasis caused by?

A

Protozoa, which are carried by vectors and which are difficult to vaccinate against because they change their antigenic nature frequently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of pathogens directly attack the immune system?

A

HIV and TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is HIV?

A

A virus that attracts lymphocytes and is the major cause of AIDS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is TB caused by?

A

A bacterium that survives within phagocytes and avoids immune detection.