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Advanced Higher Biology > Key area 2.5 > Flashcards

Key area 2.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

ecological niche

A

multi-dimensional summary of tolerances and requirements of a species

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2
Q

fundamental niche

A

the niche that is is occupied in the absence of any interspecific competition

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3
Q

realised niche

A

the niche that is occupied in response to interspecific competition

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4
Q

resource partitioning

A

where realised niches are sufficiently different, potential competitors can co-exist by resource partitioning

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5
Q

competitive exclusion

A

where the niches of two species are so similar that one declines to local extinction

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6
Q

ectoparasites

A

live on the surface of the host and can be transmitted by direct contact

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7
Q

endoparasites

A

live within the tissue of the host and can be transmitted by vectors or by consumption of intermediate hosts
mimic host antigens to evade detection and modify host immune response to reduce their chances of destruction

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8
Q

definitive host

A

the organisms on or in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity

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9
Q

role of a vector

A

play an active role in the transmission of a parasite and may also be a host

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10
Q

malaria

A
  • an infected mosquito bites a human and plasmodium enters the human bloodstream
  • asexual reproduction of the parasite occurs in the liver and then in the red blood cells, which then burst and gametocytes are released into the bloodstream
  • another mosquito bites the infected human and the gametocytes enter its body, maturing into male and female gametes allowing fertilisation and sexual reproduction to occur
  • the zygote develops in the mosquitos gut and stages pass into salivary glands so that the mosquito can infect another human host when it bites
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11
Q

schistosomiasis

A
  • schistosomes reproduce sexually in the human intestine
  • their fertilised eggs pass out via faeces into the water where they develop into larvae
  • the larvae then infect water snails, where asexual reproduction occurs producing another type of motile larvae
  • these then escape the snail into the water and penetrate the skin of humans wading in the water and entering their bloodstream
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12
Q

virus

A

parasites that can only be replicated inside a host cell

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13
Q

viral life cycle stages

A
  • viruses attach to the host cell and it can become infected with their genetic material, so the host cell and viral enzymes replicate the viral genome
  • viral genes can be transcribed and translated to produce viral proteins including coats
  • these can assemble to form new particles that can be released by the host cell and go on to infect new host cells
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14
Q

RNA retroviruses

A

use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to form DNA, which is then inserted into the host cell genome.
viral gene can then be expressed to form new viral particles

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15
Q

structure of a virus

A

RNA/DNA nucleic acid
in a protein coat

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16
Q

transmission

A

the spread of a parasite to it’s host

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17
Q

virulence

A

the harm caused to a host species by a parasite

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18
Q

factors that increase transmission rates

A
  • overcrowding of hosts when they are at high density
  • presence of abundant vectors
19
Q

physical barriers

A

epithelial tissue blocks the entry of pathogens

20
Q

chemical secretion

A

hydrolytic enzymes in mucus, saliva and tears destroy bacterial walls

21
Q

inflammatory response

A

injured cells release signalling molecules that result in enhanced blood flow to the site

22
Q

phagocytes

A

engulf pathogens into a vacuole and release powerful enzymes contained in lysosomes

23
Q

natural killer cells

A

can identify and attach to cells infected with viruses, releasing chemicals that lead to cell death inducing apoptosis

24
Q

specific defences

A
  • in mammals, a range of white blood cells constantly circulate, monitoring the tissues
  • if tissues become damaged or invaded, cells release cytokines that increase blood flow resulting in non-specific and specific white blood cells accumulating at the site of infection or tissue damage
25
Q

clonal selection

A

binding of antigen to a lymphocyte, receptor selects that lymphocyte to then divide and produce a clonal population of this lymphocyte

26
Q

lymphocyte

A

a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system

27
Q

memory lymphocyte

A

initial antigen exposure produces memory lymphocyte cells specific for that antigen and that can produce a secondary response, that is faster, higher and of longer duration than the primary response, when the same antigen enters the body in the future
when this occurs, antibody production is enhanced in terms of speed of production, concentration in blood and duration

28
Q

specificity of antibodies

A

antibody has a variable region and binds to any one type of antibody

29
Q

epidemiology

A

The study of the outbreak and spread of infectious disease

30
Q

herd immunity

A

the density of resistant hosts in the population required to prevent an epidemic

31
Q

host behaviour modifications

A
  • host foraging
  • movement
  • sexual behaviour
  • anti-predator behaviour
  • habitat choice
32
Q

method of immune system evasion

A
  • mimic host antigens to mimic to evade detection
  • modify host immune response to reduce their chances of destruction
33
Q

in sexual reproduction, greater investment is made by females:

A
  • egg structure in non mammals
  • in the uterus and during gestation in mammals
34
Q

benefits of external fertilisation

A

very large number of offspring can be produced

35
Q

costs of external fertilisation

A

many gametes predated or not fertilised so few offspring survive

36
Q

benefits of internal fetilisation

A

increased chances of successful fertilisation as fewer eggs needed

37
Q

costs of internal fertilisation

A

a mate must be located, which requires energy expenditure

38
Q

monogamy

A

the mating of a pair of animals to the exclusion of all others

39
Q

polygamy

A

individuals of one sex have more than one mate

40
Q

polygyny

A

one male mates exclusively with a group of females

41
Q

polyandry

A

one female mates with a number of males in the same breeding season

42
Q

courtship

A

a behavior that leads to breeding success

43
Q

fixed action patterns

A

a sequence of unlearned acts linked to a stimulus

Advanced Higher Biology (5 decks)

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