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Higher Biology SQA Unit 2 Metabolism and Survival > Key Area 2 - Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Key Area 2 - Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is a series of metabolic pathways which results in the release of energy from foodstuff and the regeneration of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). All three domains of life (archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes) carryout respiration pathways within their cells.

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2
Q

Which domains of life carry out respiration pathways in their cells?

A

All 3 domains of life - archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes.

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3
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP is the energy-carrying compound used in cells. It can release energy quickly.

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4
Q

How is ATP synthesised?

A

ATP is synthesised (made) when ADP joins with an inorganic phosphate to form ATP. This requires energy which is then stored in the bond joining the third phosphate to the second.

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5
Q

Write the equation for the synthesis of ATP.

A

.

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6
Q

What name is given to the addition of a phosphate to a molecule?

A

Phosphorylation.

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7
Q

How is energy released from ATP?

A

To release energy the bond between the second and third phosphate is broken.

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8
Q

Write the equation for the breakdown of ATP.

A

.

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9
Q

Name the 3 stages of respiration.

A

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

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10
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

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11
Q

What molecule is broken down during glycolysis?

A

Glucose (6C)

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12
Q

What does glucose get broken down into?

A

2 molecules of pyruvate (3C)

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13
Q

What happens during the “energy investment phase” in glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of ATP are required to phosphorylate glucose and the intermediates in glycolysis.

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14
Q

What is NAD?

A

NAD is a coenzyme that acts as a hydrogen carrier.

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15
Q

What happens to the coenzyme NAD during glycolysis?

A

Hydrogen ions and electrons from intermediates during glycolysis reduce NAD to form NADH.

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16
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of NADH from NAD, electrons and H+?

A

Dehydrogenase

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17
Q

What happens during the “energy pay-off stage” in glycolysis?

A

More ATP is generated than is required. For every glucose molecule 4 molecules of ATP are generated.

18
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

19
Q

Draw a diagram to represent the process of glycolysis.

A

.

20
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

Oxygen is not required for glycolysis to take place.

21
Q

If oxygen is available ( in aerobic conditions) what happens to the pyruvate molecules?

A

If oxygen is available the pyruvate diffuses into the central matrix of the mitochondria.

22
Q

Draw and label a mitochondrion.

A

.

23
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the central matrix of the mitochondria?

A

Pyruvate molecules get broken down into an acetyl group that combines with Coenzyme A to form acetyl Coenzyme A. Carbon dioxide is released and one molecule of NADH is produced.

24
Q

Where does the Citric Acid cycle take place?

A

The Citric Acid cycle takes place in the central matrix of the mitochondria.

25
Q

What does the acetyl group from the Acetyl CoA join with in the Citric Acid cycle?

A

The acetyl group from the acetyl CoA joins with oxaloacetate to form citrate.

26
Q

What controls the reactions of the Citric Acid cycle?

A

Enzymes

27
Q

What does citrate get converted into?

A

Citrate gets converted into oxaloacetate in the Citric Acid cycle.

28
Q

What 3 reactions take place as citrate gets converted into oxaloacetate?

A

ATP is synthesised from ADP and Pi.

Carbon dioxide is released from intermediates.

Hydrogen ions and electrons are removed from citrate and intermediates by dehydrogenase enzymes and pass them to NAD to form NADH.

29
Q

What happens to the carbon dioxide produced during respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses out to the mitochondria and out of the cell.

30
Q

What happens to the NADH produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A

NADH is passed on to the electron transport chain on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

31
Q

Draw a diagram to represent glycolysis and the Citric Acid cycle.

A

.

32
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

The electron transport chain is a series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthesis takes place here.

33
Q

Where do the electrons in the electron transport chain come from?

A

The electrons come from the NADH which was made during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

34
Q

What happens to the electrons in the electron transport chain?

A

Electrons are passed along a series of proteins in the electron transport chain. Energy from these electrons is used to pump hydrogen ions (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

35
Q

What is ATP Synthase?

A

ATP synthase is an enzyme that synthesises ATP from ADP and Pi. The energy for this comes from the flow of H+ ions.

36
Q

What happens to the hydrogen ions and the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?

A

The hydrogen ions and electrons combine with oxygen to form water.

37
Q

Compare the amount of ATP generated when oxygen is not available to the amount generated when oxygen is present.

A

Much more ATP is generated when oxygen is present.

Glycolysis generates 2 ATP (net). Oxygen is not needed for this. When oxygen is present 36 ATP are generated through the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.

38
Q

What happens to pyruvate in animal cells when oxygen is not present?

A

Fermentation takes place in the cytoplasm. This involves the pyruvate being converted to lactate in a reversible reaction.

39
Q

What happens to pyruvate in plant cells when oxygen is not present?

A

In plants and yeast, ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced in an irreversible reaction.

40
Q

Why is the generation of ATP so important to cells?

A

ATP is used to transfer energy to cellular processes which require energy.

Higher Biology SQA Unit 2 Metabolism and Survival (3 decks)

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