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higher biology > key area 1.3 - gene expression > Flashcards

key area 1.3 - gene expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

amino acid

A
  • the basic building blocks of protein/unit of polypeptide structure
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2
Q

4 types of proteins

A
  • hormones : acts as a chemical messenger
  • enzymes : biological catalysts that possess an active site that binds with specific substrate
  • antibodies : made by blood white cells to defend body against pathogens
  • structural
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3
Q

chromatography

A
  • technique used to separate components of a mixture which differ in their degree of solubility in solvent
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4
Q

gel electrophoresis

A
  • technique used to separate electrically caged molecules by subjecting them to an electric current which forces them to move through a sheet of gel
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5
Q

peptide bond

A

strong chemical link that joins amino acids in a polypeptide chain

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6
Q

polypeptide

A

chain like molecule composed of several amino acids

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7
Q

protein

A
  • molecule composed of one or more polypeptides folded or coiled into a specific shape
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8
Q

anticodon

A
  • triplet if bases on a tRNA molecule which is complementary to an mRNA codon
  • specifies an amino acid
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9
Q

tRNA attachment site

A
  • region of a tRNA molecule to which a specific amino acid becomes temporarily fixed
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10
Q

codon

A
  • unit of genetic information consisting of three mRNA bases
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11
Q

exon

A
  • sequence of DNA that codes for part of a protein/coding region
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12
Q

intron

A

non coding sequence of DNA within a gene

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13
Q

differences between RNA and DNA

A
  • DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
  • bases on DNA are ATGC and on RNA AUGC
  • DNA has deoxyribose sugar and RNA has ribose sugar
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14
Q

mRNA (messenger)

A
  • carries copy of DNA code to ribosome
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15
Q

tRNA (transfer)

A
  • type of nucleic acid which carries a specific amino acid to a ribosome
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16
Q

rRNA (ribosomal)

A
  • type of RNA that makes up a ribosome
17
Q

primary transcript

A
  • mRNA starts formed as the compliment of a DNA strand
  • made when DNA is transcribed
18
Q

ribosome

A
  • sub cellular structure made of rRNA and protein
  • site of protein synthesis
19
Q

RNA polymerase

A
  • enzyme which controls transcription
  • it unwinds and unzips the DNA, breaking hydrogen bonds and exposing bases
20
Q

RNA splicing

A
  • this is when exons are joined from a primary transcript of RNA (after introns are removed) to form the mature transcript
21
Q

what is transcription

A
  • process by which a complementary molecule of mRNA is made from a region of a DNA template
22
Q

what is translation

A
  • production of a polypeptide using sequences of mRNA
23
Q

uracil

A
  • base present in RNA which is complementary to adenine
  • replaces thymine
24
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A
  • alternative splicing is when sections of the primary transcript can be treated as both introns and exons
  • different exons are spliced together to form the mature transcript
25
Q

start and stop codons

A
  • start codons cause RNA polymerase to start transcription/ cause a ribosome to start synthesising a polypeptide chain
  • stop codons cause transcription to stop/ bring polypeptide chain synthesis to stop
26
Q

what binds holds polypeptides into a coil

A
  • hydrogen bonds
27
Q

process of transcription

A
  • RNA polymerase moves along section of DNA unwinding it and exposing no the bases
  • molecule unzips when hydrogen bonds are broken
  • mRNA nucleotides align with complementary base pairs on the template strand at the 3’ end
  • strong chemical bonds form between adjacent nucleotides, building mRNA strand
  • temporary hydrogen bonds between mRNA and DNA strand are broken allowing the primary transcript to separate from the template strand
  • primary transcript undergoes RNA splicing to form the mature transcript which goes to the ribosome for translation (introns removed)
  • DNA molecule reforms
28
Q

process of translation

A
  • tRNA molecules attach to an amino acid in the cytoplasm and carry it to the ribosome (each tRNA specific amino acid)
  • the first tRNA molecule moves in by means of base pairing between the anticodon on the tRNA and complementary codon in the mRNA strand
  • this process is repeated with another amino acid and they line up beside each other and a peptide bond forms between amino acids
  • the first tRNA detaches from mRNA strand and is free to collect another amino acid
  • translation proceeds as ribosome moves along mRNA and as it continues it forms a polypeptide chain

higher biology (15 decks)

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