kettering section d: special procedures Flashcards
Kettering rough criteria for selecting mode of transport for inter-hospital transport.
- Ambulance (ground):
– Traveling 0-80 miles for usual patient
– < 30 miles if patient in critical condition - Helicopter (rotary wing aircraft):
–Traveling 80-150 miles - Airplane (fixed wing aircraft)
–Traveling over 150 miles
Kettering–How does clinician decide whether or not to transport patient?
Transport–when benefit of transport outweighs risk of death.
Kettering on risks of transporting patients
- Complications/adverse events that occur during transport
- Different/new healthcare providers
- Back-end discontinuation of care
- Failure to follow-up on previously identified problems
Kettering on benefits of transporting patients
- To give patient access to specialists
- To give patient access to diagnostic equipment
- To give patient access to otherwise unavailable treatment
- To maximize patient opportunity to receive “best possible care”
- To give patient chance to identify undiagnosed problem, allowing appropriate care
Kettering on prevention of adverse events during in-house transports.
- Stabilize patient before transport
- Prepare patient thoroughly before transport
- Communicate well between personnel and departments
- Use checklists and protocols
- Check equipment frequently during transport
- Sedate patient appropriately
- Design hospitals to minimize distance for typical transports
Kettering list of major adverse events during transports.
- Cardiac arrest
- Pneumothorax
- Death
Kettering list of minor adverse events during transports.
- Oxygen desaturation
- Hypotension
- Acute changes in heart rate (tachycardia or bradycardia)
- Patient/ventilator asynchrony
- Accidental extubation
- Physiologic instability calling for medication–e.g., vasopressors
- Movement of PA catheter
Kettering: Why avoid BVM ventilation during transports?
- BVM leaves no control over PIP or Vt (could result in hypo-/hyperventilation–with respiratory acidosis/alkalosis
- BVM could exacerbate lung injury (which could lead to ALI/ARDS–better to use lung protective ventilation)
- BVM increases risk of hemodynamic compromise–resulting in increased WOB in patients breathing spontaneously
- Avoiding BMV consistent with AARC clinical practice guidelines
Kettering: Why might transport increase incidence of VAP?
- Supine positioning during transport or diagnostics
- Manipulation of endotracheal tube or circuit may raise risk of microaspiration
Kettering: How are ventilators monitored safely during transport?
- Require standard, real-time monitors and alarms
- Maintain equivalent level of monitoring at all times
- Check equipment frequently during transport
Kettering: How does the AARC stand on using ventilators during transports?
AARC, through a position statement, recommends using ventilators for transports when possible.
Kettering: What areas are at issue when using a ventilator to transport a patient?
- Running out of oxygen
- Running out of battery power
- Maintaining ventilator settings equivalent to ICU
Kettering notes on oxygen use during ventilator transport.
- Calculate tank duration prior to transport
- Determine true flow requirements by accounting for patient Ve and ventilator bias flow
How does is that tank duration calculated again?
PSIG x tank factor / L/m of flow
What are the popular tank factors?
0.28 for e cylinder
3.14 for H/K tank
Kettering: What factors will influence battery duration during transport?
- Battery type
- Operating characteristics
- Drive mechanisms: continuous vs. variable speed turbine or compressor
Kettering–What ventilator settings and capabilities influence quality of ventilation during transport?
- Mode
- Rate
- Trigger
- Graphics
- FiO2
Kettering on issues that arise from ventilators for MRI transports.
- Ferrous/ferric effects of metal
- The types of ventilator
–MRI safe ventilator poses no hazard
–MRI conditional ventilator is suitable only under specific conditions
–MRI unsafe cannot be use in MRI suite
Kettering on Issues MRI ventilation raise for ventilators delivering consistent performance for patients.
- Patient movement in and out of MRI machine requires long ventilator circuit
- Expect to increase Vt to account for volume lost in circuit
- Calculate lost volume using tubing compliance factor
- Correct for volume lost
Kettering notes on iNO during patient transport.
- May be used while transporting patients–for example, en route to OR
- Plan either for acquiring specialized transport iNO or for handling bulky standard equipment
Kettering on pulmonary artery catheter during transport.
Swan-Ganz catheters should be monitored with pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) waveform during transport.
Kettering notes on capnography during transport
- Standard of care in ED, PACU, ambulance, intubations, and for cpr effectiveness
- Use capnography to confirm intubations
- Use capnography for all ventilator transports
- Attend closely to capnography for patients needing tight control fo PaCO2, such as patients with traumatic brain injury
Kettering definition of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
PNA that develops 48 hours after a patient is placed on mechanical ventilation.
What about hospital acquired pneumonia? What’s that?
K–HAP occurs 48 or more hours after admission to hospital and results from an infection that was not incubating at time of admission. Note that VAP is a version of HAP.