ketone bodies

Question 1

what are the sources of energy for the brain?

Answer 1

1. glucose
2. (in the absence of glucose) ketone bodies

Question 2

what is the primary function of the glucose-alanine metabolism?

Answer 2

remove NH3 from muscles, convert to urea in liver to be excreted

Question 3

what are the metabolic fates of Carbon skeletons (4)

Answer 3

1. acetyl coa
2. acetoacetyl-coa
3. pyruvate
4. krebs cycle intermediates

Question 4

what are ketogenic amino acids?

Answer 4

potential to form ketone bodies or lipids upon deamination, esp under starving conditions

Question 5

what are glucogenic amino acids?

Answer 5

potential to form glucose, esp under starving conditions

Question 6

what is the function of glucose-alanine metabolism?

Answer 6

remove NH3 from muscles→ urea

Question 7

what are the sources of ammonia in muscles? (2)

Answer 7

1. metabolism of amino acids
2. from deamination of AMP (ADP + ADP→ ATP + AMP!! AMP + H2O→ IMP + NH4+)

Question 8

what are the 2 major pathways of NH4+ transport between the liver and the muscles?

Answer 8

1. glucose-alanine pathway
2. glutamine carrier

Question 9

what are the essential amino acids?

Answer 9

9+1
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Typtophan
Isoleucine
Mthionine
Histidine
Arginine*
Leucine
Lysine