Ketone Bilirubin And Blood Flashcards
are the intermediate products of fat metabolism
Ketone bodies
Ketone bodies are the intermediate products of ___________ metabolism
fat metabolism
Ketone bodies includes 3 fat metabolism
Acetone, acetoacetic acid and beta hydroxybutyric acid
Measurable amounts of ketones do not appear in the urine because of the
complete metabolism of fats into _______ and _________
Carbon dioxide and water
Ketone bodies apppear in the urine when there is an ________________ (increase or decrease) in fat metabolism.
Increase
This can be seen in the following conditions: ketone bodies
- inability to metabolize carbohydrates (Diabetes mellitus)
- increased loss of carbohydrate (vomiting)
- inadequate intake of carbohydrate (starvation and weight reduction)
Ketone bodies can be detected in ______
Urine
is employed in the analysis of ketone bodies In this reaction, acetoacetic acid in an alkaline medium will react with sodium
nitroprusside to produce a purple color.
Nitroprusside reaction
Nitroprusside reaction is employed in the analysis of ketone bodies In this
reaction, acetoacetic acid in an alkaline medium will react with sodium
nitroprusside to produce a ________________.
purple color
This reaction does not measure beta-hydroxybutyric acid and is only slightly
sensitive to __________
Acetone
The different tests employing this type of reaction are: ketone bodies
- reagent strip
- acetest
- Legal’s test
- Rothera’s test.
also determined using Gerhardt’s test
Acetoacetic acid
Acetoacetic acid also determined using _________ test
Gerhardt’s test
The test combines acetoacetic acid with ferric chloride to produce a ___________.
Red color
The test combines acetoacetic acid with _________________ to produce a red color.
ferric chloride
is performed to detect beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
Hart’s test
Hart’s test is performed to detect ______________.
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
The beta-hydroxybutyric acid remained after the removal of acetone and
acetoacetic acid by __________ is made to react with hydrogen peroxide
Bioling
The beta-hydroxybutyric acid remained after the removal of acetone and
acetoacetic acid by boiling is made to react with _______________
hydrogen peroxide
_________________ remained after the removal of acetone and
acetoacetic acid by boiling is made to react with hydrogen peroxide
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
is the degradation product of hemoglobin in the reticuloendothelial
system.
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is the degradation product of hemoglobin in the _____________ system.
reticuloendothelial system
The released ____________ is broken down into its component parts: iron, protein
and protoporphyrin.
hemoglobin
The released hemoglobin is broken down into its component parts: _________, _________
and _____________.
iron, protein and protoporphyrin
The ____________ is converted to bilirubin by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system
Protoporphyrin
The protoprohyrin is converted to _________ by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system
bilirubin
The bilirubin produced binds to ________ where it is transported to the liver for conjugation.
albumin
The ________________ is excreted into the bile canaliculi and then into the intestinal tract via the duodenum where it is acted upon by bacteria converting it to urobilinogen
conjugated bilirubin
The appearance of bilirubin in urine can provide an indication of ________ damage.
Liver damage
Bilirubin provides early detection of ___________, __________, ________________, and __________
and should be included in every routine urinalysis.
hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallbladder disease, and cancer
Routine testing for urinary bilirubin can be done using reagent strips which employs _________ and the _____________.
diazo reactions and oxidation tests
In the reagent strip test, bilirubin combines with _____________________ or
____________________ or
2,6-dichlorobenzene diazonium-tetraflouborate in an acid medium to produce colors ranging from increasing degrees of tan or pink to violet.
2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt or 2,6-dichlorobenzene diazonium combines with 2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt
In the reagent strip test, bilirubin combines with 2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt or
2,6-dichlorobenzene diazonium combines with 2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt or
2,6-dichlorobenzene diazonium-tetraflouborate in an acid medium to produce colors ranging from increasing degrees of _________ or __________ to violet
tan or pink to violet.
Questionable results on the reagent strip can be confirmed using the ___________ which
produces a sharply colored diazo reaction.
Ictotest
Questionable results on the reagent strip can be confirmed using the Ictotest which
produces a sharply colored ___________.
diazo reaction
uses a test tablet which consists of p-toluenesulfonate, sulfosalicylic acid, sodium
carbonate and boric acid
Ictotest
Ictotest uses a test tablet which consists of _______________, ____________ , ______________ and ___________
p-toluenesulfonate, sulfosalicylic acid, sodium
carbonate and boric acid
The reaction between the tablet and bilirubin produces a _______ or ________ color on the surface
of the test mat
blue or purple color
utilizes the ability of ferric chloride dissolved in TCA (Fouchet’s reagent) to
oxidize bilirubin to biliverdin, producing a green color.
Oxidation test
Oxidation tests utilizes the ability of ferric chloride dissolved in ______________ to
oxidize bilirubin to biliverdin, producing a green color.
TCA (Fouchet’s reagent)
Oxidation tests utilizes the ability of ferric chloride dissolved in TCA (Fouchet’s reagent) to
oxidize bilirubin to biliverdin, producing a _____________.
green color
Some of the tests for bilirubin employing this principle are:
Gmelin’s harrison test and smith’s test
___________ maybe present in the urine either as intact red cells or as free hemoglobin.
Blood
Blood maybe present in the urine either as intact _________ or as free ________.
red cells or hemoglobin
The presence of an abnormal number of blood cells in urine is known as
Hematuria
indicates the presence of hemoglobin in urine
Hemoglobinuria
is relatively common than hemoglobinuria.
Hematuria
Screening test for __________ is a useful adjunct to the microscopic examination of the
sediment because of the tendency of erythrocytes to undergo lysis in urine and
because of the diagnostic importance of small amounts of hematuria.
Heme
The finding of hematuria or hemoglobinuria is not always considered to be of significance and must be determined if it is pathologic or non-pathologic in origin. True or false
False
The finding of hematuria or hemoglobinuria is always considered to be of significance and must be determined if it is pathologic or non-pathologic in origin. True or false
True
Major causes of hematuria include
- Renal calculi
- Glomerular diseases
- tumors
- trauma
- pyelonephritis
- exposure to toxic chemicals of drugs.
Hematuria of non-pathologic significance is observed following strenous __________ and during _________
strenous exercise and during menstrual period
may occur as the result of lysis of red blood cells produced in the urinary tract,
Hemoglobinuria
it may be caused by intravascular hemolysis Lysis of red blood cell in urine will usually show a mixture of ____________ and___________
hemoglobinuria and hematuria
Hemoglobinuria is seen in
transfusion reaction
hemolytic anemia
severe burns
infection
strenous exercise / RBC trauma
The presence of blood in the urine can be determined using the ______________
Reagent strips test or benzidine and orthotoluidine test
The test is based on the liberation of oxygen
from the peroxide in the reagent strip by peroxidase-like activity of
heme from free hemoglobin, lysed erythrocytes, or myoglobin Intact
erythrocytes are lysed on the strip, causing the hermoglobin to react
Reagent strip test
The reagent area is impregnated with buffered mixture of an ___________ and the chromogen tetramethylbenzidine.
organic peroxide
The reagent area is impregnated with buffered mixture of an organic peroxide and the _________________.
chromogen tetramethylbenzidine
Heme catalyzes the oxidation of _____________ to produce a green color
tetramethylbenzidine
Heme catalyzes the oxidation of tetramethylbenzidine to produce a ________ color
green color
The test zone is _______ color in the absence of blood
Yellow
Test zone is_________________ color in the presence of blood
green to blue-green
The tests also utilize the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin to catalyze a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and chromogen such as Benzidine and O-tolidine to produce an oxidize chromogen which has a green to blue
color
Benzidine and orthotolidine test
Benzidine and orthotolidine The tests also utilize the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin to catalyze a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and chromogen such as Benzidine and O-tolidine to produce an oxidize chromogen which has a ________ to ________
color
green to blue
