A compulsive and psychological need for a habit-forming substance. - Characterised by compulsive substance seeking, with adverse health effects.

Keeping People Healthy Flashcards by Wijnand Ng

Define addiction.

A compulsive and psychological need for a habit-forming substance.

Characterised by compulsive substance seeking, with adverse health effects.

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Can nicotine pass the Blood Brain Barrier?

Yes.

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Describe nicotine addiction

Stimulates adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline by binding to nicotinic (ACh) receptors.

Reward pathway - dopamine.

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What are the three contributing factors to addiction?

Emotional attachment

Habit

Neurochemical Change

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From what layer of the Mesoderm do Tendons arise?

Sclerotome

regulated by Scleraxis

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The Epiblast gives rise to what layers?

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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The Mesoderm gives rise to what divisions?

Paraxial Mesoderm
Intermediate Mesoderm
Lateral Plate Mesoderm

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The Paraxial Mesoderm gives rise what?

Somites via somatogenesis.

Sclerotome
Myotome
Dermotome
leads to skeletal muscle.

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How many somites are there?

42-44.

Produced at a rate of 3/day. Can estimate age.

4 Occipital
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Sacral
5 Lumbar
8-10 Coccyxgeal.

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What does the Intermediate Mesoderm give rise to?

Genitourinary Tract

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What does the Lateral Plate Mesoderm give rise to?

Parietal (Somatic) Layer
Visceral (Splanchnic) Layer

Smooth and cardiac muscle.

Separated by the Intra Embryonic Coelum.

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What genes regulated striated muscle development?

MYOD
MYF5
Myogenin

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What regulates smooth muscle development?

Serum Related Factor

2. Myocardin (Enhances SRF)

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What gene families regulated somatogenesis?

Wnt
Notch
FGF

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Does smooth muscle arise from the visceral or parietal mesoderm?

Visceral.

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How do myocytes adhere to one another in their development?

Intercalated Discs.

What is meant by “epidemiological transition?”

A long term shift in the pattern of disease. Such as a country seeing deaths move from infectious disease to degenerative disease.

What is meant by positive predictive value?

What proportion of +ve tests in screening actually go onto lead to diagnosis.

What is Healthy Volunteer Bias?

The bias created where very health conscious members of the population attend screening tests. This represents the healthy, not general population.

What is Lead Time Bias?

An over estimation of survival by screening tests due to early detection.

What is Length Time Bias?

Overestimation of survival due to relative excess of detected cases being slow progressing.

What is a false positive?

A positive result which is actually negative.

What is a false negative?

A negative result which is actually positive.

In Screening programmes, what is specificity?

How good a test is at identifying those who do NOT have the disease.

In screening programmes, what is sensitivity?

The ability of the test to identify who HAS the disease.

What is the false positive/ false negative rate?

How often the test gets it wrong. (Reliability?)

What is the positive predictive value?

How likely a positive result is correct.

What is the negative predictive value?

How likely a false result is correct.

What are some pitfalls of screening tests?

Bias, poor access, poor attendance.

According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, what contributes to good mental health?

Physiological needs, safety, belonging and love, esteem, self actualisation.

What are the Wilson and Junger principles of early disease detection?

1. The condition must be important. 2. There should be an accepted treatment 3. Facilities to carry this out should be available. 4. Should have an early latent/ symptomatic stage. 5. There should be a suitable examination. 6. The examination should be acceptable to the population. 7. The biology of disease should be adequately understood. 8. There should be an agreed criteria on who is a patient. 9. The cost/ benefit ratio must be acceptable in the system. 10. Case finding should be a continuing process.

Define Incidence

The number of cases within a population at a defined time.

Define Prevalence

How widespread a disease is in the present time.

What is in tobacco?

1. Nicotine - addictive 2. Carbon monoxide - poison 3. Tar - glue like

World wide, what are the general trends of tobacco use?

Going down in developed countries, going up in undeveloped countries. (It’s worse is Scotland than England)

What are the withdrawal effects from nictone?

1. Urge to smoke 2. Poor sleep 3. Headache 4. Cravings - appetite 5. GI upset 6. Poor concentration 7. Anxiety

Differentiate “stigma from labelling”

Stigma - when an individual is treated as being unacceptably different. Label - a presumption on a persons behaviour. Prejudiced.

What is malnutrition?

A poor diet, leading to excess, or lack of weight. Causes: poor diet, poverty, disease. Obesity is a BMI >30 leads to several co-morbidities.