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MBChB 1 > Keeping People Healthy > Flashcards

Keeping People Healthy Flashcards

1
Q

Define addiction.

A

A compulsive and psychological need for a habit-forming substance.

  • Characterised by compulsive substance seeking, with adverse health effects.
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2
Q

Can nicotine pass the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

Yes.

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3
Q

Describe nicotine addiction

A

Stimulates adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline by binding to nicotinic (ACh) receptors.

Reward pathway - dopamine.

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4
Q

What are the three contributing factors to addiction?

A

Emotional attachment

Habit

Neurochemical Change

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5
Q

From what layer of the Mesoderm do Tendons arise?

A

Sclerotome

  • regulated by Scleraxis
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6
Q

The Epiblast gives rise to what layers?

A
  1. Endoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Ectoderm
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7
Q

The Mesoderm gives rise to what divisions?

A
  1. Paraxial Mesoderm
  2. Intermediate Mesoderm
  3. Lateral Plate Mesoderm
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8
Q

The Paraxial Mesoderm gives rise what?

A

Somites via somatogenesis.

  • Sclerotome
  • Myotome
  • Dermotome
  • leads to skeletal muscle.
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9
Q

How many somites are there?

A

42-44.

Produced at a rate of 3/day. Can estimate age.

4 Occipital
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Sacral
5 Lumbar
8-10 Coccyxgeal.
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10
Q

What does the Intermediate Mesoderm give rise to?

A

Genitourinary Tract

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11
Q

What does the Lateral Plate Mesoderm give rise to?

A

Parietal (Somatic) Layer
Visceral (Splanchnic) Layer

  • Smooth and cardiac muscle.

Separated by the Intra Embryonic Coelum.

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12
Q

What genes regulated striated muscle development?

A
  1. MYOD
  2. MYF5
  3. Myogenin
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13
Q

What regulates smooth muscle development?

A
  1. Serum Related Factor

2. Myocardin (Enhances SRF)

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14
Q

What gene families regulated somatogenesis?

A
  1. Wnt
  2. Notch
  3. FGF
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15
Q

Does smooth muscle arise from the visceral or parietal mesoderm?

A

Visceral.

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16
Q

How do myocytes adhere to one another in their development?

A

Intercalated Discs.

17
Q

What is meant by “epidemiological transition?”

A

A long term shift in the pattern of disease. Such as a country seeing deaths move from infectious disease to degenerative disease.

18
Q

What is meant by positive predictive value?

A

What proportion of +ve tests in screening actually go onto lead to diagnosis.

19
Q

What is Healthy Volunteer Bias?

A

The bias created where very health conscious members of the population attend screening tests. This represents the healthy, not general population.

20
Q

What is Lead Time Bias?

A

An over estimation of survival by screening tests due to early detection.

21
Q

What is Length Time Bias?

A

Overestimation of survival due to relative excess of detected cases being slow progressing.

22
Q

What is a false positive?

A

A positive result which is actually negative.

23
Q

What is a false negative?

A

A negative result which is actually positive.

24
Q

In Screening programmes, what is specificity?

A

How good a test is at identifying those who do NOT have the disease.

25
Q

In screening programmes, what is sensitivity?

A

The ability of the test to identify who HAS the disease.

26
Q

What is the false positive/ false negative rate?

A

How often the test gets it wrong. (Reliability?)

27
Q

What is the positive predictive value?

A

How likely a positive result is correct.

28
Q

What is the negative predictive value?

A

How likely a false result is correct.

29
Q

What are some pitfalls of screening tests?

A

Bias, poor access, poor attendance.

30
Q

According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, what contributes to good mental health?

A

Physiological needs, safety, belonging and love, esteem, self actualisation.

31
Q

What are the Wilson and Junger principles of early disease detection?

A
  1. The condition must be important.
  2. There should be an accepted treatment
  3. Facilities to carry this out should be available.
  4. Should have an early latent/ symptomatic stage.
  5. There should be a suitable examination.
  6. The examination should be acceptable to the population.
  7. The biology of disease should be adequately understood.
  8. There should be an agreed criteria on who is a patient.
  9. The cost/ benefit ratio must be acceptable in the system.
  10. Case finding should be a continuing process.
32
Q

Define Incidence

A

The number of cases within a population at a defined time.

33
Q

Define Prevalence

A

How widespread a disease is in the present time.

34
Q

What is in tobacco?

A
  1. Nicotine - addictive
  2. Carbon monoxide - poison
  3. Tar - glue like
35
Q

World wide, what are the general trends of tobacco use?

A

Going down in developed countries, going up in undeveloped countries.

(It’s worse is Scotland than England)

36
Q

What are the withdrawal effects from nictone?

A
  1. Urge to smoke
  2. Poor sleep
  3. Headache
  4. Cravings - appetite
  5. GI upset
  6. Poor concentration
  7. Anxiety
37
Q

Differentiate “stigma from labelling”

A

Stigma - when an individual is treated as being unacceptably different.

Label - a presumption on a persons behaviour. Prejudiced.

38
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

A poor diet, leading to excess, or lack of weight.

Causes: poor diet, poverty, disease.

Obesity is a BMI >30 leads to several co-morbidities.

MBChB 1 (3 decks)

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