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Biology B1 > Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

Keeping Healthy Flashcards

1
Q

What does a healthy diet contain?

A

It contains the right balance of the different food groups you need and the right amount of energy intake.

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates for?

A

For energy.

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3
Q

What are fats for in the body?

A

For energy, for warmth and it protects your organs.

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4
Q

What are proteins for?

A

Growth, cell repair and cell replacements.

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5
Q

What is fibre for in the body?

A

To keep everything moving smoothly in your digestive system.

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6
Q

What are vitamins and mineral ions needed for in the body?

A

They are needed in small amounts for the healthy functioning of the body.

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7
Q

What is calcium needed for in the body?

A

For strong bones and teeth

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8
Q

Why is water need in the body?

A

To keep the body hydrated and for the cells of our body to work properly.

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9
Q

What is meant by the metabolic rate?

A

It is the rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out.

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10
Q

What factors can affect metabolic rates?

A
  • Amount of physical activity
  • Inherited factor
  • Proportion on muscle to fat in the body
  • Age
  • Gender
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11
Q

What is meant by malnourished?

A

When a person is malnourished is their diet is not balanced.

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12
Q

What is the result of being malnourished?

A

1) A person can be underweight or overweight

2) It can lead it deficiency diseases or conditions such as type 2 diabetes.

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13
Q

How does exercise help?

A

It increases the amount of energy used up by the body and decreases the amount stored as fat.
It also builds up muscle so it helps boost your metabolic rate.

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14
Q

What causes a person to lose weight?

A

When the energy content of the food being taken in is less than the amount of energy used up by their body.

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15
Q

How does inherited factors affect our health?

A

For example cholesterol level.
Cholesterol is a fatty substance tat is essential for good health - its found in every cell in the body. Some inherited factors increase blood cholesterol level, which increases the risk of heart disease.

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16
Q

How can people be healthy?

A

People who exercise regularly are usually healthier than people who take little exercise.

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17
Q

What is a pathogen? Example of 2?

A

It is a micro organism that causes an infectious disease - like viruses and bacteria.

18
Q

How does a bacteria make you ill?

A

1) Damaging cells

2) Producing toxins( (poisons)

19
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill?

A

Cell damage
They replicate themselves by invading your cells and produces copies of themselves. The cell then bursts. releasing all the viruses.

20
Q

Name the barrier that prevent microorganisms entering the body.

A

Blood clots
Digestive system - acid in the stomach
Respiratory system - mucus traps bacteria
Skin acts as a barrier.

21
Q

How do WBCs defend against the pathogens?

A

1) Ingesting them - consuming them. WBCs can engulf foreign cells and digest them
2) Producing antibodies - destroy particular bacteria or viruses
3) Producing antitoxins - counteract the toxins released by pathogens.

22
Q

What are antigens?

A

They are unique proteins found on the pathogens surface.

23
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

It contains a dead or an inactive form of a pathogen, that still carry the antigens.

24
Q

How do vaccinations help?

A

They help because if a live form of the same microorganism appears the WBCs can rapidly produce antibodies to kill the pathogen.

25
Q

How do vaccinations prevent the spreading of the disease?

A

If a large proportion of the population has been vaccinated then they will be immune to a pathogen, therefore the spreading is reduced.

26
Q

What are the pros of vaccination?

A

1) Large outbreaks of diseases can be prevented if a large proportion of a population id vaccinated.
2) It has helped control lots of infectious diseases.

27
Q

What are the cons of vaccinations?

A

1) Vaccines don’t work all the time.

2) Some people can have an bad reaction to a vaccine.

28
Q

What is MMR?

A

It is a vaccine to protect children against measles, mumps and rubella.

29
Q

What did Semmelweis discover about preventing disease?

A

Semmelweis recognised the importance of hand-washing in the prevention of spreading some infectious diseases as they handled dead bodies before helping a women give birth. By insisting that doctors washed their hands before examining patients, he greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital.

30
Q

What do medicines such as painkillers do?

A

They relive symptoms of a disease but they do not kill the pathogen that causes it.

31
Q

What do antibodies such as penicillin do?

A

Antibiotics are medicines which kill bacteria. THEY DO NOT KILL VIRUSES!

32
Q

Why do antibiotics not kill viruses?

A

Bacteria can reproduce on their own. however viruses can only reproduce when they are inside living cells.

33
Q

What will over-use of antibiotics lead to?

A

Antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria.

34
Q

How are bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?

A

Bacteria can mutate becoming resistant. If we overuse antibiotics, then these resistant bacteria have an advantage and resistance spreads. This is called natural selection.

35
Q

How can we prevent resistant bacteria (such as MRSA) from developing?

A

1) Only use antibiotics when necessary and use the correct antibiotic to kill a specific bacterium.
2) Never use antibiotics against viruses as antibiotics do not kill viruses.

36
Q

Why is mutation of pathogens a problem?

A

When pathogens mutate, existing vaccinations and antibiotics may not work against the new strain. This can allow the new strain to spread.

37
Q

Describe how natural selection leads to resistant strains of pathogens developing when antibodies are used.

A
  • Mutation laeds to resistant strain developing.
  • Antibiotics kill no-resistant pathogens
  • Resistant pathogens survive and reproduce so the population of the resistant strain increases.
38
Q

Describe the stages of culturing a microorganism.

A
  • Sterilise petri dishes and culture growth medium (agar) to kill unwanted microorganisms
  • Sterilise inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms by passing it through a flame.
  • Tape the lid of petri dish to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture.
39
Q

Why is it important that schools do not culture microorganisms at temperatures higher that 25 degrees?

A

This reduces the risk of the growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans.

40
Q

Why are microorganisms used in industry cultured at temperatures higher that 25 degrees?

A

In industry, we want to grow microorganisms rapidly, so we use higher temperatures.

Biology B1 (3 decks)

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