Keeping Healthy

Question 1

What does a healthy diet contain?

Answer 1

It contains the right balance of the different food groups you need and the right amount of energy intake.

Question 2

What are carbohydrates for?

Answer 2

For energy.

Question 3

What are fats for in the body?

Answer 3

For energy, for warmth and it protects your organs.

Question 4

What are proteins for?

Answer 4

Growth, cell repair and cell replacements.

Question 5

What is fibre for in the body?

Answer 5

To keep everything moving smoothly in your digestive system.

Question 6

What are vitamins and mineral ions needed for in the body?

Answer 6

They are needed in small amounts for the healthy functioning of the body.

Question 7

What is calcium needed for in the body?

Answer 7

For strong bones and teeth

Question 8

Why is water need in the body?

Answer 8

To keep the body hydrated and for the cells of our body to work properly.

Question 9

What is meant by the metabolic rate?

Answer 9

It is the rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out.

Question 10

What factors can affect metabolic rates?

Answer 10

• Amount of physical activity
• Inherited factor
• Proportion on muscle to fat in the body
• Age
• Gender

Question 11

What is meant by malnourished?

Answer 11

When a person is malnourished is their diet is not balanced.

Question 12

What is the result of being malnourished?

Answer 12

1) A person can be underweight or overweight

2) It can lead it deficiency diseases or conditions such as type 2 diabetes.

Question 13

How does exercise help?

Answer 13

It increases the amount of energy used up by the body and decreases the amount stored as fat.
It also builds up muscle so it helps boost your metabolic rate.

Question 14

What causes a person to lose weight?

Answer 14

When the energy content of the food being taken in is less than the amount of energy used up by their body.

Question 15

How does inherited factors affect our health?

Answer 15

For example cholesterol level.
Cholesterol is a fatty substance tat is essential for good health - its found in every cell in the body. Some inherited factors increase blood cholesterol level, which increases the risk of heart disease.

Question 16

How can people be healthy?

Answer 16

People who exercise regularly are usually healthier than people who take little exercise.

Question 17

What is a pathogen? Example of 2?

Answer 17

It is a micro organism that causes an infectious disease - like viruses and bacteria.

Question 18

How does a bacteria make you ill?

Answer 18

1) Damaging cells

2) Producing toxins( (poisons)

Question 19

How do viruses make you feel ill?

Answer 19

Cell damage
They replicate themselves by invading your cells and produces copies of themselves. The cell then bursts. releasing all the viruses.

Question 20

Name the barrier that prevent microorganisms entering the body.

Answer 20

Blood clots
Digestive system - acid in the stomach
Respiratory system - mucus traps bacteria
Skin acts as a barrier.

Question 21

How do WBCs defend against the pathogens?

Answer 21

1) Ingesting them - consuming them. WBCs can engulf foreign cells and digest them
2) Producing antibodies - destroy particular bacteria or viruses
3) Producing antitoxins - counteract the toxins released by pathogens.

Question 22

What are antigens?

Answer 22

They are unique proteins found on the pathogens surface.

Question 23

What does a vaccine contain?

Answer 23

It contains a dead or an inactive form of a pathogen, that still carry the antigens.

Question 24

How do vaccinations help?

Answer 24

They help because if a live form of the same microorganism appears the WBCs can rapidly produce antibodies to kill the pathogen.

Question 25

How do vaccinations prevent the spreading of the disease?

Answer 25

If a large proportion of the population has been vaccinated then they will be immune to a pathogen, therefore the spreading is reduced.

Question 26

What are the pros of vaccination?

Answer 26

1) Large outbreaks of diseases can be prevented if a large proportion of a population id vaccinated. 2) It has helped control lots of infectious diseases.

Question 27

What are the cons of vaccinations?

Answer 27

1) Vaccines don't work all the time. | 2) Some people can have an bad reaction to a vaccine.

Question 28

What is MMR?

Answer 28

It is a vaccine to protect children against measles, mumps and rubella.

Question 29

What did Semmelweis discover about preventing disease?

Answer 29

Semmelweis recognised the importance of hand-washing in the prevention of spreading some infectious diseases as they handled dead bodies before helping a women give birth. By insisting that doctors washed their hands before examining patients, he greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital.

Question 30

What do medicines such as painkillers do?

Answer 30

They relive symptoms of a disease but they do not kill the pathogen that causes it.

Question 31

What do antibodies such as penicillin do?

Answer 31

Antibiotics are medicines which kill bacteria. THEY DO NOT KILL VIRUSES!

Question 32

Why do antibiotics not kill viruses?

Answer 32

Bacteria can reproduce on their own. however viruses can only reproduce when they are inside living cells.

Question 33

What will over-use of antibiotics lead to?

Answer 33

Antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria.

Question 34

How are bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 34

Bacteria can mutate becoming resistant. If we overuse antibiotics, then these resistant bacteria have an advantage and resistance spreads. This is called natural selection.

Question 35

How can we prevent resistant bacteria (such as MRSA) from developing?

Answer 35

1) Only use antibiotics when necessary and use the correct antibiotic to kill a specific bacterium. 2) Never use antibiotics against viruses as antibiotics do not kill viruses.

Question 36

Why is mutation of pathogens a problem?

Answer 36

When pathogens mutate, existing vaccinations and antibiotics may not work against the new strain. This can allow the new strain to spread.

Question 37

Describe how natural selection leads to resistant strains of pathogens developing when antibodies are used.

Answer 37

- Mutation laeds to resistant strain developing. - Antibiotics kill no-resistant pathogens - Resistant pathogens survive and reproduce so the population of the resistant strain increases.

Question 38

Describe the stages of culturing a microorganism.

Answer 38

- Sterilise petri dishes and culture growth medium (agar) to kill unwanted microorganisms - Sterilise inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms by passing it through a flame. - Tape the lid of petri dish to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture.

Question 39

Why is it important that schools do not culture microorganisms at temperatures higher that 25 degrees?

Answer 39

This reduces the risk of the growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans.

Question 40

Why are microorganisms used in industry cultured at temperatures higher that 25 degrees?

Answer 40

In industry, we want to grow microorganisms rapidly, so we use higher temperatures.