KatJ - Pathology Flashcards
0
Q
2nd most common cause of death in pediatric age group
A
Prematurity
1
Q
Most common cause of death in pediatric age group
A
Congenital anomalies
2
Q
Primary errors of morphogenesis; intrinsically abnormal developmental process
A
Malformations
3
Q
Secondary destruction of a structure that was previously normal in development; extrinsic disturbance in morphogenesis
A
Disruptions
4
Q
Extrinsic distrurbance of development due to localized or generalized compression
A
Deformations
5
Q
Most common cause of deformations?
A
Uterine constraint
6
Q
Cascade of anomalies triggered by one initiating aberration?
A
Sequences
7
Q
Mobius sequence is produced by which teratogen?
A
Misoprostol
8
Q
Constellation of congenital anomalies that cannot be explained on the basis of a single defect
A
Syndromes
9
Q
What diseases produce a “blueberry muffin” baby?
A
Rubella
CMV
Disseminated neuroblastoma
10
Q
What test determines whether respiration took place on a newborn before death?
A
Fodere’s test (hydrostatic test)
11
Q
What test involves floating of the stomach in water to determine presence of air?
A
Breslau’s test
12
Q
What substance/mediator causes retinal neovascularization in retrolental fibroplasia (retinopathy of prematurity)?
A
VEGF
13
Q
What is the charcteristic radiologic finding in necrotizing enterocolitis?
A
Pneumatosis intestinalis
14
Q
When should Rhogam be administered to prevent hydrops fetalis?
A
At 28 weeks AOG, within 72 hours of delivery or following abortions
15
Q
Deficient enzyme in phenylketonuria
A
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
16
Q
Most common variant of galactosemia
A
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
17
Q
Most common lethal genetic disease that affects Caucasian populations
A
Cystic Fibrosis
18
Q
Sweat chloride test is used for what disease?
A
Cystic Fibrosis
19
Q
Respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis are commonly caused by which organism?
A
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
20
Q
Most common cause of death of an infant younger than 1 year old
A
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
21
Q
Most common finding in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?
A
Multiple petechiae
22
Q
What is the only safe sleeping position for infants that reduces the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome?
A
Supine position
23
Q
Most common tumor of infancy?
A
Hemangioma
24
Most common teratomas of childhood?
Sacrococcygeal teratomas
25
What disease involves amplification of the N-MYC oncogene?
Neuroblastoma
26
Most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood?
Neuroblastoma
27
What do you call the little round groupings of cells found in tumors with a spoke-wheel or halo arrangement surrounding a central, acellular region?
Rosettes
28
Where can you find Homer-Wright rosettes?
Neuroblastoma
Medulloblastoma
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors
29
Where can you find Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes?
Retinoblastoma
30
What is the most common primary renal tumor of childhood?
Wilm'a tumor
31
What gene is involved in Wilm's tumor?
WT1 gene
32
What disease involves triphasic combination of blastemal, stromal, and epithelial cell types?
Wilm's tumor
33
What causes cherry red color of the skin and mucous membranes?
Carbon monoxide poisoning
34
_______ catalyzes the insertion of Fe2+ into protoporphyrin IX in heme synthesis.
Ferrochelatase
35
What do you call red cell precursors with iron-laden mitochondria?
Ringed sideroblasts
36
What kind of anemia is seen in lead poisoning?
Microcytic, hypochromic
37
What histologic finding is seen in lead poisoning?
Basophilic stippling
38
Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy from lead poisoning results in?
Wrist drop and foot drop
39
Saturnine gout can be found in what heavy metal poisoning?
Lead
40
What is the drug of choice for acute management of lead poisoning?
EDTA +/-Dimercaprol
41
What is the drug of choice for outpatient management of lead poisoning?
Succimer
42
What is the main protective mechanism against mercury poisoning?
Intracellular glutathione
43
In what heavy metal poisoning can you find 'milk and roses complexion', hyperkeratosis, and Mee's lines?
Arsenic
44
What is the most exogenous cause of human cancers and the most preventable cause of human death?
Tobacco
45
Minamata disease is due to accumulation of what substance?
Methylmercury
46
An alkaloid that readily crosses the BBB and stimulate nicotinic receptors
Nicotine
47
What enzyme metabolizes acetaldehyde?
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
48
What is the lethal dose of alcohol?
500 micrograms/dL
49
Differentiate viral hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease based on liver enzymes
AST:ALT = 1 (viral hepatitis)
AST:ALT > 1 (alcoholic liver disease)
50
What type of necrosis is seen in partial-thickness burns?
Coagulative necrosis
51
Most common hyperthermic syndrome
Heat exhaustion
52
What anesthetic drugs are implicated in malignant hyperthermia?
Halothane
| Succinylcholine
53
What is the drug of choice for malignant hyperthermia?
Dantrolene
54
What is the most radiosensitive tissue?
Lymphoid tissue
55
What is the least radiosensitive tissue?
Bone
56
Protein-energy malnutrition wherein there is a deficiency of all nutrients
Marasmus
57
What is the serum albumin level in marasmus?
| (normal, increased, decreased)
Normal
58
Protein-energy malnutrition wherein protein deprivation is greater than reduction in calories
Kwashiorkor
59
Most common form of protein-energy malnutrition
Kwashiorkor
60
Where can you find flaky paint appearance of the skin and flag sign (hair)?
Kwashiorkor
61
What causes the enlarged fatty liver in Kwashiorkor?
Decreased apolipoprotein B-100
62
What is the mot common secondary immunodeficiency?
Malnutrition
63
Where can you see Russell's sign (calluses on back of hands)?
Bulimia Nervosa
64
What vitamin toxicity causes pseudotumor cerebri?
Vitamin A
65
In what vitamin deficiency are Bitot spots found?
Vitamin A
66
What do you call the overgrowth of cartilage at the costochondral junctions?
Rachitic rosary
67
Acrodermatitis enteropathica is caused by a deficiency of?
Zinc
68
Keshan disease (cardiomyopathy) is seen in _______ deficiency.
Selenium
69
Koplik spots are located in?
Near the opening of Stensen ducts
70
Multinucleated giant cells found in measles
Warthin-Finkeldey cells
71
What potentially fatal neurologic complication of measles is prevented by vaccination?
SSPE
72
What vitamin has been shown to reduce the severity of measles infection?
Vitamin A
73
Large pink to purple intranuclear inclusions found in Herpes Simplex
Cowdry Type A
74
Whitish ulcerated oral mucosal lesions near the opening of Stensen ducts
Koplik spots
75
In what disease are Koplik spots found?
Measles
76
What lobe is affected in Herpes Simplex encephalitis?
Temporal lobe
77
Cowdry Type A inclusion bodies are found in what disease?
Herpes Simplex infection
78
Dewdrop on a rose petal appearance of rash
Varicella
79
Herpes Zoster Oticus affects what structure?
Geniculate ganglion
80
Heterophil-negative
CMV
| Toxoplasmosis
81
Heterophil-positive
Epstein-Barr virus
82
Inclusion bodies seen in CMV
Owl's eye inclusions
83
Prominent intranuclear basophilic inclusions surrounded by a halo
Owl's eye inclusions
84
Owl's eye inclusion bodies are seen in what disease?
CMV
85
What is the drug of choice for CMV infection?
Ganciclovir
| because CMV is highly resistant to Acyclovir
86
Patients who underwet splenectomy are vulnerable to which organisms?
```
Encapsulated bacteria:
S. pneumoniae
H. Influenzae
N. meningitidis
K. pneumoniae
```
87
What malignancies are associated with EBV?
```
Burkitt's lymphoma (Africans)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Chinese)
```
88
Downey cells are found in?
EBV infection
89
Infection of the apocrine gland by S. aureus
Hidradenitis suppurativa
90
What do you call the collection of pus in a naturally occurring cavity?
Empyema
91
What is the most common cause of post-viral pneumonia?
S. aureus
92
What virulence factor is involved in scalded skin syndrome which cleaves desmoglein in desmosomes?
Exfoliatin
93
Separation of the skin in scalded skin syndrome is in what level?
Stratum granulosum
94
Separation of the skin in TEN is at what level?
Dermo-epidermal junction
95
What causes scalded skin syndrome?
S. aureus
96
What virulence factor is responsible for extension to subcutaneous tissue in Erysipelas?
Hyaluronidase / spreading factor
97
Scarlet fever is due to what virulence factor?
Erythrogenic toxin
98
What causes strawberry tongue in scarlet fever?
Sloughing off of filliform papilla
99
In what diseases can you find strawberry tongue?
Kawasaki disease
TSS
Scarlet fever
100
What is the Dick test?
Test for susceptibility for scarlet fever
101
Tumbling motility
Listeria monocytogenes
102
Swarming motility
Proteus mirabilis
103
Shooting star motility
Vibrio cholera
104
Falling leaf motility
Giardia lamblia
105
None of the cephalosporins are effective against:
Listeria monocytogenesis
Enterococci
MRSA
106
Box car shaped
Bacillus anthracis
107
Slender beaded gram positive organisms arranged in branching filaments
Nocardia Asteroides
108
Organism with Medusa Head Morphogy
Bacillus anthracis
109
Most common cause of death in respiratory anthrax or Woolsorter's disease
Hemorrhagic mediastinitis
110
Capsule of bacillus anthracis
Poly-D-glutamate
111
Culture medium used for Lyme disease
Bordet-Gengou / Regan-Lowe agar
112
Which virulence factor causes whooping cough in pertussis infection?
Tracheal cytotoxin
113
Fleur-de-lis pattern in necrotizing pneumonia is caused by which organism?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
114
Treatment for Yersinia pestis
Streptomycin and/or Doxycycline
115
Painful genital ulcer
Chancroid (H. ducreyi)
116
Beefy red ulcer with velvety surface and paeudobuboes are found in?
Klebsiella granulomatis
117
Donovan bodies are found in?
Klebsiella granulomatis
118
Lymphogranuloma venereum is caused by which organism?
Chlamydia trachomatis type L1-L3
119
What makes up the Ghon's complex?
Subpleural granuloma (Ghon's focus) + associated lymph node
120
What is the radiologically detectable calcification seen on X-ray in M. tuberculosis infection?
Ranke's complex
121
Reactivation tuberculosis is usually found in which part of the lung?
Apex
122
What is the Simon's focus?
Reactivation TB in the apex of the lung
123
What type of cells are found in caseation necrosis/granuloma formation by M. tuberculosis?
Langhan's type giant cell
124
What is the most frequent presentation of extrapulmonary TB?
Lymphadenitis
125
What is a scrofula?
Lymphadenitis in the cervical region found in M. tuberculosis infection
126
What is the most common site of intestinal TB?
Ileum
127
What substance drives the macrophages to become competent to contain the TB infection?
Gamma interferon
128
What are the 2 nerves involved in lepromatous leprosy?
Ulnar n.
| Peroneal n.
129
What do you call the large aggregates of lipid-laden macrophages found in lepromatous leprosy?
Lepra cells
130
What are 'red snappers'?
Acid-fast bacilli;
| M. leprae contained within the macrophages
131
What causes the sterility in lepromatous leprosy?
Destruction of seminiferous tubules
132
What is the characteristic appearance of the aorta in tertiary syphilis?
Tree bark appearance
133
Intense plasma infilitrates and proliferatuve endarteritis are found at what stage of syphilis?
Primary syphilis
134
Condyloma lata can be found at what stage of syphilis?
Secondary syphilis
135
At what stage of syphilis will you find obliterative invasion of small blood vessels and vasa vasorum?
Endarteritis = tertiary syphilis
136
What do you call the pale and airless lungs found in congenital syphilis?
Pneumonia alba
137
Small incisors shaped like a screwdriver/peg often with notches in enamel
Hutchinson's teeth
138
What diseases can have hemorrhagic mediatinitis as a complication?
Pulmonary anthrax (Woolsorter's)
Congenital syphilis
Weil's syndrome
139
What is the most common cause of death in congenital syphilis?
Hemorrhagic mediastinitis
140
Where is M. leprae cultured?
Footpad of mice or 9-banded armadillo
141
What organism causes relapsing fever?
Borrelia reurrentis
142
What organisms demonstrate erythrophagocytosis?
Borrelia recurrentis
| E. histolytica
143
What causes the antigenic variation in relapsing fever?
Programmed rearrangement
144
What is acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans?
Atrophy of the skin with lymphadenopathy (chronic Lyme disease)
145
What is the vector of Borrelia burgdorferi?
Ixodes tick
146
What is the characteristic appearance of the lesion in Lyme arthritis?
Onion skin-like
147
What diseases does the vector Ixodes tick carry?
Borrelia burgdorferi
| Babesia
148
What is the virulence factor involved in gas gangrene?
Alpha-toxin - acts as lecithinase, can break down RBC
149
Urethritis in chlamydia is caused by what serotype/strain?
Chlamydia trachomatis D-K
150
What do you call the inclusion bodies found in Chlamydia?
Halberstadtr-Prowazek inclusion bodies
151
Lymphogranuloma venereum is caused by what organism?
Chlamydia trachomatis L1-L3
152
Trachoma is caused by what organism?
Chlamydia trachomatis
| strains A, B, C
153
What organism causes typhus fever and rocky mountain spotted fever?
Rickettsia
154
What is the KOH finding in Candida albicans?
Yeast with pseudohyphae
155
What stain is used to visualize Cryptococcus neoformans and what is the characteristic appearance?
Thick gelatinous capsule on India Ink stain
156
Proliferating masses of acute-angle hyphae lying free within cavitations
Aspergilloma (fungus ball)
157
Crescent sign on CXR
Aspergillus fumigatus
158
Nonseptate, irregularly wide fungal hyphae with frequent right-angle branching
Mucormycosis
159
Spherules in endospores?
Coccidioides Immitis
160
Intracellular yeasts?
Histoplasma capsulatum
161
Systemic mycoses with a broad-based bud?
Blastomycoses Dermatitidis
162
Mariner's wheel?
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis
163
What causes the black or gray liver parenchyma in malaria?
Hemozoin
164
What organism causes cerebral malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum
165
Durck granulomas are found in what disease?
Cerebral malaria
166
Ring hemorrhages related to local hypoxia, vascular stasis and small focal inflammatory reactions
Durck granulomas
167
Microscopic dots seen in P. vivax and P. ovale?
Schuffner's dots
168
Microscopic dots seen in P. malariae?
Ziemann's dots
169
Microscopic dots seen in P. falciparum?
Maurer's dots
170
What is the drug of choice for radical cure of benign tertian malaria?
Primaquine
171
Maltese cross pattern
Babesia microti
172
Black skin pigmentation (kala-azar) is found in?
Visceral Leishmaniasis
173
Treatment for Leishmaniasis
Stibogluconate
174
What disease are Mott cells found?
African sleeping sickness (trypanosoma)
175
Plasma cells containing cytoplasmic globules filled with immunoglobulin
Mott cells
176
What characteristic sign of Chagas disease is associated with unilateral periorbital edema?
Romana's sign
177
Other than myocarditis, what are the other expected complications in Chaga's disease?
Megaeaophagus
| Megacolon
178
Chaga's disease is caused by what organism?
T. Cruzi
179
What organism causes neurocysticercosis?
Taenia solium
180
Hydatid cysts are caused by what organism?
Echinococcus granulosus
181
What is the treatment for hydatid cyst?
Albendazole
| PAIR
182
Coiled larvae surrounded by membrane-bound vacuoles within nurse cells
Trichinella spiralis
183
Pipe-stem fibrosis in liver
Sever schistosomiasis
| S. japonicum
184
What is the characteristic seizure seen in cerebral schostosomiasis?
Jacksonian seizure
185
Elephantiasis is caused by what organism?
Brugia malayi
186
Meyers-Kouvenaar bodies
Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia
| Filariasis
187
Dead microfiariae surrounded by stellate, hyaline, eosinophilic precipitates embedded in small epitheloid granulomas
Meyers-Kouvenaar bodies
188
What organism causes river blindness?
Onchocerca Volvulus
189
What lesions are seen in river blindness caused by Onchocerca?
Opacification of cornea
| Atrophy of choroid and retina
190
What is the drug of choice for river blindness?
Ivermectin
191
What complication may arise during initiation of treatment due to lysis of onchocercal worms?
Mazzotti reaction
